super()函数可以用于继承父类的方法,语法如下:
super(type[, object-or-type])
虽然super()函数的使用比较简单,但是需要根据单继承和多继承来分析函数的调用关系。
首先,当类之间的继承关系为单继承时,函数调用关系也比较简单,可以参考如下的例子:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
class A(object):
def __init__(self):
print('class A')
class B(A):
def __init__(self):
super(B, self).__init__()
print('class B')
b = B()
上述代码运行结果如下:
class A class B
从结果可以看出,子类B在实例化时调用了父类A的__init__()方法。
当进行多重继承时,需要考虑MRO的问题。所谓MRO,即Method Resolution Order,自Python2.3以来,MRO采用广度优先(区别于深度优先)的规则定义。为了更好的理解这个问题,让我们先来看如下的代码:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
class A(object):
def __init__(self):
self.n = 10
def minus(self, m):
print('minus in class A start')
self.n -= m
print('minus in class A end')
class B(A):
def __init__(self):
self.n = 7
def minus(self, m):
print('minus in class B start')
super(B, self).minus(m)
self.n -= 2
print('minus in class B end')
class C(A):
def __init__(self):
self.n = 12
def minus(self, m):
print('minus in class C start')
super(C, self).minus(m)
self.n -= 5
print('minus in class C end')
class D(B,C):
def __init__(self):
self.n = 15
def minus(self, m):
print('minus in class D start')
super(D, self).minus(m)
self.n -= 2
print('minus in class D end')
print('The MRO of class D is :')
print(D.__mro__)
d = D()
d.minus(2)
print(d.n)
代码运行结果:
The MRO of class D is : (<class ‘__main__.D’ , <class ‘__main__.B’ , <class ‘__main__.C’ , <class ‘__main__.A’ , <class ‘object’ ) minus in class D start minus in class B start minus in class C start minus in class A start minus in class A end minus in class C end minus in class B end minus in class D end 4
从运行结果可以看出,子类D的MRO为(<class ‘__main__.D’ , <class ‘__main__.B’ , <class ‘__main__.C’ , <class ‘__main__.A’ , <class ‘object’ ),也就是子类D的minus函数在调用父类函数时的调用顺序依次为BCA,而后续的调试打印信息也正好验证了该顺序。
以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助。