Java Review - Queue和Stack 源码解读
Java Review - Queue和Stack 源码解读以Java ArrayDeque为例讲解了Stack和Queue,还有一种特殊的队列叫做PriorityQueue,即优先队列。
优先队列的作用是能保证每次取出的元素都是队列中权值最小的。
那大小关系如何评判呢? 元素大小的评判可以通过元素本身的自然顺序(natural ordering),也可以通过构造时传入的比较器
上图中我们给每个元素按照层序遍历的方式进行了编号, 会发现父节点和子节点的编号是有联系的,更确切的说父子节点的编号之间有如下关系:
leftNo = parentNo*2+1
rightNo = parentNo*2+2
parentNo = (nodeNo-1)/2
通过上述三个公式,可以轻易计算出某个节点的父节点以及子节点的下标。这也就是为什么可以直接用数组来存储堆的原因。
private static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 11;
/**
* The comparator, or null if priority queue uses elements'
* natural ordering.
*/
private final Comparator<? super E> comparator;
/**
* Creates a {@code PriorityQueue} with the default initial
* capacity (11) that orders its elements according to their
* {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering}.
*/
public PriorityQueue() {
this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, null);
}
/**
* Creates a {@code PriorityQueue} with the specified initial
* capacity that orders its elements according to their
* {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering}.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity for this priority queue
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code initialCapacity} is less
* than 1
*/
public PriorityQueue(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, null);
}
/**
* Creates a {@code PriorityQueue} with the default initial capacity and
* whose elements are ordered according to the specified comparator.
*
* @param comparator the comparator that will be used to order this
* priority queue. If {@code null}, the {@linkplain Comparable
* natural ordering} of the elements will be used.
* @since 1.8
*/
public PriorityQueue(Comparator<? super E> comparator) {
this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, comparator);
}
/**
* Creates a {@code PriorityQueue} with the specified initial capacity
* that orders its elements according to the specified comparator.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity for this priority queue
* @param comparator the comparator that will be used to order this
* priority queue. If {@code null}, the {@linkplain Comparable
* natural ordering} of the elements will be used.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code initialCapacity} is
* less than 1
*/
public PriorityQueue(int initialCapacity,
Comparator<? super E> comparator) {
// Note: This restriction of at least one is not actually needed,
// but continues for 1.5 compatibility
if (initialCapacity < 1)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
this.queue = new Object[initialCapacity];
this.comparator = comparator;
}
/**
* Creates a {@code PriorityQueue} containing the elements in the
* specified collection. If the specified collection is an instance of
* a {@link SortedSet} or is another {@code PriorityQueue}, this
* priority queue will be ordered according to the same ordering.
* Otherwise, this priority queue will be ordered according to the
* {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} of its elements.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed
* into this priority queue
* @throws ClassCastException if elements of the specified collection
* cannot be compared to one another according to the priority
* queue's ordering
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection or any
* of its elements are null
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public PriorityQueue(Collection<? extends E> c) {
if (c instanceof SortedSet<?>) {
SortedSet<? extends E> ss = (SortedSet<? extends E>) c;
this.comparator = (Comparator<? super E>) ss.comparator();
initElementsFromCollection(ss);
}
else if (c instanceof PriorityQueue<?>) {
PriorityQueue<? extends E> pq = (PriorityQueue<? extends E>) c;
this.comparator = (Comparator<? super E>) pq.comparator();
initFromPriorityQueue(pq);
}
else {
this.comparator = null;
initFromCollection(c);
}
}
/**
* Creates a {@code PriorityQueue} containing the elements in the
* specified priority queue. This priority queue will be
* ordered according to the same ordering as the given priority
* queue.
*
* @param c the priority queue whose elements are to be placed
* into this priority queue
* @throws ClassCastException if elements of {@code c} cannot be
* compared to one another according to {@code c}'s
* ordering
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified priority queue or any
* of its elements are null
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public PriorityQueue(PriorityQueue<? extends E> c) {
this.comparator = (Comparator<? super E>) c.comparator();
initFromPriorityQueue(c);
}
/**
* Creates a {@code PriorityQueue} containing the elements in the
* specified sorted set. This priority queue will be ordered
* according to the same ordering as the given sorted set.
*
* @param c the sorted set whose elements are to be placed
* into this priority queue
* @throws ClassCastException if elements of the specified sorted
* set cannot be compared to one another according to the
* sorted set's ordering
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified sorted set or any
* of its elements are null
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public PriorityQueue(SortedSet<? extends E> c) {
this.comparator = (Comparator<? super E>) c.comparator();
initElementsFromCollection(c);
}
新加入的元素可能会破坏小顶堆的性质,因此需要进行必要的调整。
//offer(E e)
public boolean offer(E e) {
if (e == null)//不允许放入null元素
throw new NullPointerException();
modCount++;
int i = size;
if (i >= queue.length)
grow(i + 1);//自动扩容
size = i + 1;
if (i == 0)//队列原来为空,这是插入的第一个元素
queue[0] = e;
else
siftUp(i, e);//调整
return true;
}
如上,扩容函数grow()类似于ArrayList里的grow()函数,就是再申请一个更大的数组,并将原数组的元素复制过去 。
需要注意的是siftUp(int k, E x)方法,该方法用于插入元素x并维持堆的特性。
//siftUp()
private void siftUp(int k, E x) {
while (k > 0) {
int parent = (k - 1) >>> 1;//parentNo = (nodeNo-1)/2
Object e = queue[parent];
if (comparator.compare(x, (E) e) >= 0)//调用比较器的比较方法
break;
queue[k] = e;
k = parent;
}
queue[k] = x;
}
新加入的元素x可能会破坏小顶堆的性质,因此需要进行调整。调整的过程为 : 从k指定的位置开始,将x逐层与当前点的parent进行比较并交换,直到满足x >= queueparent为止。注意这里的比较可以是元素的自然顺序,也可以是依靠比较器的顺序。
//peek()
public E peek() {
if (size == 0)
return null;
return (E) queue[0];//0下标处的那个元素就是最小的那个
}
public E poll() {
if (size == 0)
return null;
int s = --size;
modCount++;
E result = (E) queue[0];//0下标处的那个元素就是最小的那个
E x = (E) queue[s];
queue[s] = null;
if (s != 0)
siftDown(0, x);//调整
return result;
}
//siftDown()
private void siftDown(int k, E x) {
int half = size >>> 1;
while (k < half) {
//首先找到左右孩子中较小的那个,记录到c里,并用child记录其下标
int child = (k << 1) + 1;//leftNo = parentNo*2+1
Object c = queue[child];
int right = child + 1;
if (right < size &&
comparator.compare((E) c, (E) queue[right]) > 0)
c = queue[child = right];
if (comparator.compare(x, (E) c) <= 0)
break;
queue[k] = c;//然后用c取代原来的值
k = child;
}
queue[k] = x;
}
//remove(Object o)
public boolean remove(Object o) {
//通过遍历数组的方式找到第一个满足o.equals(queue[i])元素的下标
int i = indexOf(o);
if (i == -1)
return false;
int s = --size;
if (s == i) //情况1
queue[i] = null;
else {
E moved = (E) queue[s];
queue[s] = null;
siftDown(i, moved);//情况2
......
}
return true;
}