Python学习笔记（内置数据类型list/tuple/dict/set）

#--------------------------list-------------------------
#list为python内置数据类型，array为numpy类型
print('--------------------------list--------------------------')
#--------------------------init--------------------------
a = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000] #[]定义，可以定义不同数据类型
b = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]                 #[]定义，使用相同类型数据
c = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]           #[]定义，使用相同类型数据
d = list(x for x in range(0,10))    #list+range实例化定义
#[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
e = [x for x in range(10)]          #[]+range定义
#[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
f = [x*x for x in range(10)]        #[]+range定义
#[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
g = [[ x for x in range(10)],[y for y in range(10)]] #定义二维数组list
#[[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]]
h = [1,2,3,4,5]                      #初始化数组
#[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
i = h*3                              #在一维数组上追加不同列
#[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
j = [h]*3                            #在一维数组上追加不同行，即不同维
#[[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
list1 = [m + n for m in 'abc' for n in 'xyz']  #生成排列组合
#['ax', 'ay', 'az', 'bx', 'by', 'bz', 'cx', 'cy', 'cz']
list1 = [m + n for m in range(3) for n in range(4)] #生成排列组合
#[0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4, 5]
#['ax', 'ay', 'az', 'bx', 'by', 'bz', 'cx', 'cy', 'cz']
#--------------------------iter--------------------------
for step in a:
    print(step)
for i in range(len(a)):
    print(a[i])
for index, name in enumerate(a):
    print (index," ",name)
#--------------------------slice-------------------------
k = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ,6,7,8,9,10]
print('k=',k)
print('k[0]=',k[0])
#k[0]= 1
print('k[0:5]=',k[0:5])
#k[0:5]= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print('k[:5]=',k[:5])
#k[:5]= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print('k[5:]=',k[5:])
#k[5:]= [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
print('k[:]=',k[:])
#k[:]= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
print('k[1:9]=',k[1:9])
#k[1:9]= [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
print('k[1:9:2]=',k[1:9:2])
#k[1:9:2]= [2, 4, 6, 8]
print('k[9:1:-1]=',k[9:1:-1])
#k[9:1:-1]= [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3]
print('k[9:0:-1]=',k[9:0:-1])
#k[9:0:-1]= [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2]
print('k[:0:-1]=',k[:0:-1])
#k[:0:-1]= [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2]
print('k[::-1]=',k[::-1])
#k[::-1]= [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
print('k[9:0:-2]=',k[9:0:-2])
#k[9:0:-2]= [10, 8, 6, 4, 2]
#--------------------------func--------------------------
m = [1,2,3]
n = [4,5,6,7]
print('len(m)=',len(m))  #3
print('max(m)=',max(m))
print('min(m)=',min(m))
#python3已取消cmp函数，通过operator模块替代
#lt(a,b)相当于a<b     从第一个数字或字母（ASCII）比大小
#le(a,b)相当于a<=b
#eq(a,b)相当于a==b     字母完全一样，返回True,
#ne(a,b)相当于a!=b
#gt(a,b)相当于a>b
#ge(a,b)相当于a>=b
import operator
print('operator.ne(m,n)=',operator.ne(m,n))
print('operator.lt(m,n)=',operator.lt(m,n))
print('operator.le(m,n)=',operator.le(m,n))
print('operator.eq(m,n)=',operator.eq(m,n))
print('operator.gt(m,n)=',operator.gt(m,n))
print('operator.ne(m,n)=',operator.ne(m,n))
#--------------------------oper--------------------------
#1 list.append(obj)    在列表末尾添加新的对象
#2 list.count(obj)     统计某个元素在列表中出现的次数
#3 list.extend(seq)    在列表末尾一次性追加另一个序列中的多个值（用新列表扩展原来的列表）
#4 list.index(obj)     从列表中找出某个值第一个匹配项的索引位置
#5 list.insert(index, obj) 将对象插入列表
#6 list.pop([index=-1])    移除列表中的一个元素（默认最后一个元素），并且返回该元素的值
#7 list.remove(obj)    移除列表中某个值的第一个匹配项
#8 list.reverse()  反向列表中元素
#9 list.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False)    对原列表进行排序
o = [1,2,3,4,5]
p = [6,7]
v=o+p
print('o+p=',v)
#[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
o.extend(p)
print('after extend,o=',o)
#extend等同于+
#o= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
o.append(p)
print('after append o=',o)
#o= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, [6, 7]]
#extend和append是不同的，一个是加元素，一个是加序列
print('o.count(6)=',o.count(6)) #1
#在指定位置增加元素
o.insert(len(o),p)
print('after insert o=',o)
#after insert o= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, [6, 7], [6, 7]]
r=o.index([6, 7])
print('o.index([6, 7])=',o.index([6, 7]))  #7
r=o.pop()
print('after pop o=',o,'return =',r)
#after pop o= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, [6, 7]] return = [6, 7]
r=o.pop(3)
print('after pop o=',o,'return =',r)
#after pop o= [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, [6, 7]] return = 4
r=o.remove(3)
print('after remove o=',o)
#after remove o= [1, 2, 5, 6, 7, [6, 7]]
o.reverse()
print('after reverse o=',o)
#after reverse o= [[6, 7], 7, 6, 5, 2, 1]
#sort()方法要保证各元素数据类型的一致性
s = [1,3,2,6,9,7,4]
s.sort()
print('after sort() s=', s)
#after sort() s= [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9]
s.sort(reverse=True)
print('after sort(reverse=True) s=',s)
#after sort(reverse=True) s= [9, 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1]
a = [(2, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1), (1, 3)]
a.sort(key=lambda y:y[0])
print('after a.sort(key=lambda y:y[0]) a=', a)
#after a.sort(key=lambda y:y[0]) a= [(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1)]
a.sort(key=lambda y:y[1])
print('after a.sort(key=lambda y:y[1]) a=', a)
#after a.sort(key=lambda y:y[1]) a= [(4, 1), (2, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4)]
#sort支持正逆排序，也支持key方式，同样key支持lambda方式

#--------------------------tuple-------------------------
#Python 的元组与列表类似，不同之处在于元组的元素不能修改。
print('--------------------------tuple-------------------------')
#--------------------------init--------------------------
a = ('Google', 'Runoob', 1997, 2000)
b = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 )
c =  1, 2, 3, 4, 5
d = ("a", "b", "c", "d")
e = "a", "b", "c", "d"
f= ['Google', 'Taobao', 'Runoob', 'Baidu']
g=tuple(f)
h = (50)
print(type(h))   #<class 'int'>
h = (50,)
print(type(h))   #<class 'tuple'>
#--------------------------slice-------------------------
#tuple的切片和list也是一样的
k = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ,6,7,8,9,10)
print('k=',k)
print('k[0]=',k[0])
#k[0]= 1
print('k[0:5]=',k[0:5])
#k[0:5]= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print('k[:5]=',k[:5])
#k[:5]= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print('k[5:]=',k[5:])
#k[5:]= [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
print('k[:]=',k[:])
#k[:]= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
print('k[1:9]=',k[1:9])
#k[1:9]= [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
print('k[1:9:2]=',k[1:9:2])
#k[1:9:2]= [2, 4, 6, 8]
print('k[9:1:-1]=',k[9:1:-1])
#k[9:1:-1]= [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3]
print('k[9:0:-1]=',k[9:0:-1])
#k[9:0:-1]= [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2]
print('k[:0:-1]=',k[:0:-1])
#k[:0:-1]= [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2]
print('k[::-1]=',k[::-1])
#k[::-1]= [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
print('k[9:0:-2]=',k[9:0:-2])
#k[9:0:-2]= [10, 8, 6, 4, 2]
#--------------------------func--------------------------
m = (1,2,3)
n = (4,5,6,7)
print('len(m)=',len(m))  #3
print('max(m)=',max(m))
print('min(m)=',min(m))
#python3已取消cmp函数，通过operator模块替代
#lt(a,b)相当于a<b     从第一个数字或字母（ASCII）比大小
#le(a,b)相当于a<=b
#eq(a,b)相当于a==b     字母完全一样，返回True,
#ne(a,b)相当于a!=b
#gt(a,b)相当于a>b
#ge(a,b)相当于a>=b
import operator
print('operator.ne(m,n)=',operator.ne(m,n))
print('operator.lt(m,n)=',operator.lt(m,n))
print('operator.le(m,n)=',operator.le(m,n))
print('operator.eq(m,n)=',operator.eq(m,n))
print('operator.gt(m,n)=',operator.gt(m,n))
print('operator.ne(m,n)=',operator.ne(m,n))
#--------------------------iter--------------------------
#tuple的迭代和list是完全一样的
for step in a:
    print(step)
for i in range(len(a)):
    print(a[i])
for index, name in enumerate(a):
    print (index," ",name)
#--------------------------oper--------------------------
#tuple无法修改元祖，因此少了很多方法
o = (1,2,2,3,4,5)
p = (6,7)
v=o+p
print('o+p=',v)
#[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
print('o.count(2)=',o.count(2)) #2
r=o.index(3)
print('o.index(3)=',o.index(3))  #3
s = (1,3,2,6,9,7,4)
a = sorted(s)
print('after sorted() new tuple=', a)
#after sorted() new tuple= [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9]
print('after sorted() new old=', s)
#after sorted() new old= (1, 3, 2, 6, 9, 7, 4)
a=sorted(s,reverse=True)
print('after sorted(reverse=True) new_tuple=',a)
#aafter sorted(reverse=True) new_tuple= [9, 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1]
s = ((2, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1), (1, 3))
a =sorted(s,key=lambda y:y[0])
print('s=',s)
print('after sorted(key=lambda y:y[0]) a=', a)
#after sorted(key=lambda y:y[0]) a= [(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1)]
a =sorted(s,key=lambda y:y[1])
print('after sorted(key=lambda y:y[1]) a=', a)
#after sorted(key=lambda y:y[1]) a= [(4, 1), (2, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4)]
#tuple不支持增删改排序，但排序可以通过sorted复制达到目标，不过会转成list类型

#--------------------------set---------------------------
print('--------------------------set---------------------------')
#--------------------------init--------------------------
a = {'Mary', 'Jim', 'Rose', 'Jack', 'Tom'} #{'Jim', 'Tom', 'Jack', 'Mary', 'Rose'}
b = {1,2,3,4}  #{1, 2, 3, 4}
c=set('abracadabra')  #{'a', 'd', 'b', 'c', 'r'}
d=set('alacazam')     #{'a', 'l', 'z', 'c', 'm'}
e=set([12345,1234,123,12,1])  #{1, 12, 1234, 12345, 123}
f=set((12345,1234,123,12,1))  #{1, 12, 1234, 12345, 123}
#--------------------------slice-------------------------
#集合没有下标，顺序，所以不支持切片
#--------------------------iter--------------------------
#集合不支持下标式访问，只能遍历
for one in a:
    print(one)
s = set([('Adam', 95), ('Lisa', 85), ('Bart', 59)])
for x in s:
    print(x[0] + ' ', x[1])
#--------------------------func--------------------------
print('c=',c)
#c= {'d', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'r'}
print('d=',d)
#d= {'l', 'a', 'c', 'z', 'm'}
print('c - d=',c - d)     # a和b的差集
#c - d= {'r', 'd', 'b'}
print('c | d=',c | d)     # a和b的并集
#c | d= {'l', 'b', 'a', 'r', 'd', 'c', 'z', 'm'}
print('c & d=',c & d)     # a和b的交集
#c & d= {'c', 'a'}
print('c ^ d=',c ^ d)     # a和b中不同时存在的元素
#c ^ d= {'l', 'r', 'b', 'd', 'z', 'm'}
#--------------------------oper--------------------------
a={1,2,3}
b={4,5}
c=6
a.add(c)
print('after a.add(c)=',a)
#after a.add(c)= {1, 2, 3, 6}
a.update(b)
print('after a.update(b)=',a)
#after a.update(b)= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
#add只能是元素，update参数可以是列表，元组，字典
a.remove(c)
print('after a.remove(c)=',a)
#after a.remove(c)= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
a.discard(7)
print('after a.discard(7)=',a)
#after a.discard(7)= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
#remove和discard均为删除元素，不过当要删除的值不在集合中时，discard不会报错
a.clear()
print('after a.clear()=',a)
#after a.clear()= set()

#--------------------------dict--------------------------
#字典是另一种可变容器模型，且可存储任意类型对象。
print('--------------------------dict--------------------------')
#--------------------------init--------------------------
a = {'a':1,'b':2,'c':3}
b = dict({'a':1, 'b':2, 'c':3})
c = dict([('a',1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])
d = dict((('a',1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)))
e = dict([['a',1], ['b', 2], ['c', 3]])
f = dict((['a',1], ['b', 2], ['c', 3]))
g = dict(a=1, b=2, c=3)
h = dict(zip(['a', 'b', 'c'], [1,2,3]))
print(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h)
#--------------------------slice-------------------------
print('a["a"]=',a['a'])
#a["a"]= 1
#--------------------------iter--------------------------
for i in a.items():
    print(i)
for i in a.items():
    print(i[0],' ',i[1])
for key,value in a.items():
    print(key,' ',value)
for (key,value) in a.items():
    print(key,' ',value)
for key in a:
    print(key+' '+ str(a[key]))
for key in a.keys():
    print(key+' '+ str(a[key]))
for value in a.values():
    print(value)
#--------------------------func--------------------------
a = {'a':1,'b':2,'c':3}
b = {'d':4,'e':5}
c = {'c':4,'f':6}
d = {'g':7,'h':8,'i':9}
del d['g']  # {'h': 8, 'i': 9}
d.clear()    # {}
del d        # 删除字典
print(len(a))   #3
print(str(a))   #{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
#--------------------------oper--------------------------
dict = {'Name': 'Runoob', 'Age': 27}
print ("Age 值为 : %s" %  dict['Age'])            #Age 值为 : 27
print ("Age 值为 : %s" %  dict.get('Age'))        #Age 值为 : 27
print ("Sex 值为 : %s" %  dict.get('Sex'))        #Sex 值为 : None
print ("Sex 值为 : %s" %  dict.get('Sex', "NA"))  #Sex 值为 : NA
print('dict.keys()=',dict.keys())                 #dict.keys()= dict_keys(['Name', 'Age'])
print('dict.keys()=',list(dict.keys()))           #dict.keys()= ['Name', 'Age']
print('dict.values()=',dict.values())             #dict.values()= dict_values(['Runoob', 27])
print('dict.values()=',list(dict.values()))       #dict.values()= ['Runoob', 27]
print('dict.pop(Name)=',dict.pop('Name'))        #dict.pop(Name)= Runoob
print('after dict.pop(Name)=',dict)              #after dict.pop(Name)= {'Age': 27}
x = ('key1', 'key2', 'key3')
a = dict.fromkeys(x)        #a= {'key1': None, 'key2': None, 'key3': None}
b = dict.fromkeys(x,10)     #b= {'key1': 10, 'key2': 10, 'key3': 10}
dict = {'Name': 'Runoob', 'Age': 7}
dict2 = {'Sex': 'female'}
dict.update(dict2)
print("after dict.update(dict2) dict=", dict) #after dict.update(dict2) dict= {'Name': 'Runoob', 'Age': 7, 'Sex': 'female'}