python tkinter(2)
1、设置label的字体、颜色、背景色、宽、高 from tkinter import * root = Tk() labelfont = ('times', 20, 'bold') # family, size, style widget = Label(root, text='Hello config world') widget.config(bg='black', fg='yellow') # yellow text on black label widget.config(font=labelfont) # use a larger font widget.config(height=3, width=20) # initial size: lines,chars widget.pack(expand=YES, fill=BOTH) root.mainloop() 2、bd设置边框、relief=设置边框类型，cursor鼠标
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3、设置BUTTON的边框、边框类型、鼠标、字体等 from tkinter import * widget = Button(text='Spam', padx=10, pady=10) widget.pack(padx=20, pady=20) widget.config(cursor='gumby') widget.config(bd=8, relief=RAISED) widget.config(bg='dark green', fg='white') widget.config(font=('helvetica', 20, 'underline italic')) mainloop() 4、三个窗口 import sys from tkinter import Toplevel, Button, Label
win1 = Toplevel() # two independent windows win2 = Toplevel() # but part of same process
Button(win1, text='Spam', command=sys.exit).pack() Button(win2, text='SPAM', command=sys.exit).pack()
Label(text='Popups').pack() # on default Tk() root window win1.mainloop() 5、创建两个窗口，不要显示根窗口 import tkinter from tkinter import Tk, Button tkinter.NoDefaultRoot()
win1 = Tk() # two independent root windows win2 = Tk()
Button(win1, text='Spam', command=win1.destroy).pack() Button(win2, text='SPAM', command=win2.destroy).pack() win1.mainloop() 6、Tk()根窗口，Toplevel(root)子窗口，protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW',lambda:None)点关闭按钮无效,iconbitmap窗口图标，root.quit from tkinter import * root = Tk() # explicit root
trees = [('The Larch!', 'light blue'), ('The Pine!', 'light green'), ('The Giant Redwood!', 'red')]
for (tree, color) in trees: win = Toplevel(root) # new window win.title('Sing...') # set border win.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW', lambda:None) # ignore close
win.iconbitmap('py-blue-trans-out.ico') # not red Tk
msg = Button(win, text=tree, command=win.destroy) # kills one win
msg.pack(expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
msg.config(padx=10, pady=10, bd=10, relief=RAISED)
msg.config(bg='black', fg=color, font=('times', 30, 'bold italic'))root.title('Lumberjack demo') Label(root, text='Main window', width=30).pack() Button(root, text='Quit All', command=root.quit).pack() # kills all app root.mainloop() 7、窗口状态
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8、子窗口获得根窗口 theframe.master.xxxx 9、 """ pop up three new windows, with style destroy() kills one window, quit() kills all windows and app (ends mainloop); top-level windows have title, icon, iconify/deiconify and protocol for wm events; there always is an application root window, whether by default or created as an explicit Tk() object; all top-level windows are containers, but they are never packed/gridded; Toplevel is like Frame, but a new window, and can have a menu; """
from tkinter import * from tkinter.messagebox import *
def callback(): if askyesno('Verify', 'Do you really want to quit?'): showwarning('Yes', 'Quit not yet implemented') else: showinfo('No', 'Quit has been cancelled')
errmsg = 'Sorry, no Spam allowed!' Button(text='Quit', command=callback).pack(fill=X) Button(text='Spam', command=(lambda: showerror('Spam', errmsg))).pack(fill=X) mainloop() showerror,showwarning,showinfo,askyesno,askyesno 10、askopenfilename ,askcolor,askquestion,showerror,askfloat """ a Quit button that verifies exit requests; to reuse, attach an instance to other GUIs, and re-pack as desired """
from tkinter import * # get widget classes from tkinter.messagebox import askokcancel # get canned std dialog
class Quitter(Frame): # subclass our GUI def init(self, parent=None): # constructor method Frame.init(self, parent) self.pack() widget = Button(self, text='Quit', command=self.quit) widget.pack(side=LEFT, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
def quit(self):
ans = askokcancel('Verify exit', "Really quit?")
if ans: Frame.quit(self)if name == 'main': Quitter().mainloop()
define a name:callback demos table
from tkinter.filedialog import askopenfilename # get standard dialogs from tkinter.colorchooser import askcolor # they live in Lib\tkinter from tkinter.messagebox import askquestion, showerror from tkinter.simpledialog import askfloat
demos = { 'Open': askopenfilename, 'Color': askcolor, 'Query': lambda: askquestion('Warning', 'You typed "rm *"\nConfirm?'), 'Error': lambda: showerror('Error!', "He's dead, Jim"), 'Input': lambda: askfloat('Entry', 'Enter credit card number') }
"create a bar of simple buttons that launch dialog demos"
from tkinter import * # get base widget set
class Demo(Frame): def init(self, parent=None, **options): Frame.init(self, parent, **options) self.pack() Label(self, text="Basic demos").pack() for (key, value) in demos.items(): Button(self, text=key, command=value).pack(side=TOP, fill=BOTH) Quitter(self).pack(side=TOP, fill=BOTH)
if name == 'main': Demo().mainloop() 11、弹出框，设置背景颜色 from tkinter import * from tkinter.colorchooser import askcolor
def setBgColor(): (triple, hexstr) = askcolor() if hexstr: print(hexstr) push.config(bg=hexstr)
root = Tk() push = Button(root, text='Set Background Color', command=setBgColor) push.config(height=3, font=('times', 20, 'bold')) push.pack(expand=YES, fill=BOTH) root.mainloop() 12、win.focus_set(),grab_set import sys from tkinter import * makemodal = (len(sys.argv) > 1)
def dialog(): win = Toplevel() # make a new window Label(win, text='Hard drive reformatted!').pack() # add a few widgets Button(win, text='OK', command=win.destroy).pack() # set destroy callback if makemodal: win.focus_set() # take over input focus, win.grab_set() # disable other windows while I'm open, win.wait_window() # and wait here until win destroyed print('dialog exit') # else returns right away
root = Tk() Button(root, text='popup', command=dialog).pack() root.mainloop() 13、 from tkinter import * msg = Message(text="Oh by the way, which one's Pink?") msg.config(bg='pink', font=('times', 16, 'italic')) msg.pack(fill=X, expand=YES) mainloop() 14、 from tkinter import * from quitter import Quitter
def fetch(): print('Input => "%s"' % ent.get()) # get text
root = Tk() ent = Entry(root) ent.insert(0, 'Type words here') # set text ent.pack(side=TOP, fill=X) # grow horiz
ent.focus() # save a click ent.bind('<Return>', (lambda event: fetch())) # on enter key btn = Button(root, text='Fetch', command=fetch) # and on button btn.pack(side=LEFT) Quitter(root).pack(side=RIGHT) root.mainloop() ////////Entry 15、设置模态：
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16、
check buttons, the hard way (without variables)
from tkinter import * states = [] # change object not name def onPress(i): # keep track of states states[i] = not states[i] # changes False->True, True->False
root = Tk() for i in range(10): chk = Checkbutton(root, text=str(i), command=(lambda i=i: onPress(i)) ) chk.pack(side=LEFT) states.append(False) root.mainloop() print(states) # show all states on exit 17\ intvar???
check buttons, the easy way
from tkinter import * root = Tk() states = [] for i in range(10): var = IntVar() chk = Checkbutton(root, text=str(i), variable=var) chk.pack(side=LEFT) states.append(var) root.mainloop() # let tkinter keep track print([var.get() for var in states]) # show all states on exit (or map/lambda)
alternatives
print(list(map(IntVar.get, states)))
print(list(map(lambda var: var.get(), states)))
18、 """ 4 demo class components (subframes) on one window; there are 5 Quitter buttons on this one window too, and each kills entire gui; GUIs can be reused as frames in container, independent windows, or processes; """
from tkinter import * from quitter import Quitter demoModules = ['demoDlg', 'demoCheck', 'demoRadio', 'demoScale'] parts = []
def addComponents(root): for demo in demoModules: module = import(demo) # import by name string part = module.Demo(root) # attach an instance part.config(bd=2, relief=GROOVE) # or pass configs to Demo() part.pack(side=LEFT, expand=YES, fill=BOTH) # grow, stretch with window parts.append(part) # change list in-place
def dumpState(): for part in parts: # run demo report if any print(part.module + ':', end=' ') if hasattr(part, 'report'): part.report() else: print('none')
root = Tk() # make explicit root first root.title('Frames') Label(root, text='Multiple Frame demo', bg='white').pack() Button(root, text='States', command=dumpState).pack(fill=X) Quitter(root).pack(fill=X) addComponents(root) root.mainloop() 19\ imagebutton gifdir = "../gifs/" from tkinter import * win = Tk() igm = PhotoImage(file=gifdir + "ora-pp.gif") Button(win, image=igm).pack() win.mainloop() 20 gifdir = "../gifs/" from tkinter import * win = Tk() img = PhotoImage(file=gifdir + "ora-lp4e.gif") can = Canvas(win) can.pack(fill=BOTH) can.create_image(2, 2, image=img, anchor=NW) # x, y coordinates win.mainloop() 21\ PIL处理图像
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22、pil """ show one image with PIL photo replacement object handles many more image types; install PIL first: placed in Lib\site-packages """
import os, sys from tkinter import * from PIL.ImageTk import PhotoImage # <== use PIL replacement class # rest of code unchanged imgdir = 'images' imgfile = 'florida-2009-1.jpg' # does gif, jpg, png, tiff, etc. if len(sys.argv) > 1: imgfile = sys.argv[1] imgpath = os.path.join(imgdir, imgfile)
win = Tk() win.title(imgfile) imgobj = PhotoImage(file=imgpath) # now JPEGs work! Label(win, image=imgobj).pack() win.mainloop() print(imgobj.width(), imgobj.height()) # show size in pixels on exit 23 pil 显示目录下所有图片 """ display all images in a directory in pop-up windows GIFs work in basic tkinter, but JPEGs will be skipped without PIL """
import os, sys from tkinter import * from PIL.ImageTk import PhotoImage # <== required for JPEGs and others
imgdir = 'images' if len(sys.argv) > 1: imgdir = sys.argv[1] imgfiles = os.listdir(imgdir) # does not include directory prefix
main = Tk() main.title('Viewer') quit = Button(main, text='Quit all', command=main.quit, font=('courier', 25)) quit.pack() savephotos = []
for imgfile in imgfiles: imgpath = os.path.join(imgdir, imgfile) win = Toplevel() win.title(imgfile) try: imgobj = PhotoImage(file=imgpath) Label(win, image=imgobj).pack() print(imgpath, imgobj.width(), imgobj.height()) # size in pixels savephotos.append(imgobj) # keep a reference except: errmsg = 'skipping %s\n%s' % (imgfile, sys.exc_info()[1]) Label(win, text=errmsg).pack()
main.mainloop() 24