python编程快速上手

1、 5//2=2 5/2=2.5 2、全局变量 global foo 3、list.index(xx) 没有则引发异常 append,insert(x),remove() self.sort(reverse=True) self.sort(key=str.lower) sorted 4

type(('hello',)) <class 'tuple'> type(('hello')) <class 'str'> 5list ~ tuple 6、copy.copy 复制值而已 import copy spam = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'] cheese = copy.copy(spam) cheese[1] = 42 spam ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'] cheese ['A', 42, 'C', 'D'] 7、dict.get('key1',0) 8 string upper,lower,isupper,islower,,isalpha,isalnum,isdecimal,isspace,startswith,endswith, join,split(),rjust,ljust 'Hello'.rjust(10) ' Hello' 'Hello'.rjust(20) ' Hello' 'Hello World'.rjust(20) ' Hello World' 'Hello'.ljust(10) 'Hello ' 'Hello'.rjust(20, '') '***************Hello' 'Hello'.ljust(20, '-') 'Hello---------------' 'Hello'.center(20) ' Hello ' 'Hello'.center(20, '=') '=======Hello========' 'start'.center(20,'')

spam = ' Hello World ' spam.strip() 'Hello World' spam.lstrip() 'Hello World ' spam.rstrip() ' Hello World'

9 贪婪模式和非贪婪模式

nongreedyRegex = re.compile(r'<.?>') mo = nongreedyRegex.search('<To serve man> for dinner.>') mo.group() '<To serve man>' greedyRegex = re.compile(r'<.>') mo = greedyRegex.search('<To serve man> for dinner.>') mo.group() '<To serve man> for dinner.>'

包括换行符：re.DOTALL

noNewlineRegex = re.compile('.') noNewlineRegex.search('Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent. \nUphold the law.').group() 'Serve the public trust.' newlineRegex = re.compile('.', re.DOTALL) newlineRegex.search('Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent.\nUphold the law.').group() cheese = copy.copy(spam) >>> cheese[1] = 42 >>> spam ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'] >>> cheese ['A', 42, 'C', 'D'] 7、dict.get('key1',0) 8 string upper,lower,isupper,islower,,isalpha,isalnum,isdecimal,isspace,startswith,endswith, join,split(),rjust,ljust >>> 'Hello'.rjust(10) ' Hello' >>> 'Hello'.rjust(20) ' Hello' >>> 'Hello World'.rjust(20) ' Hello World' >>> 'Hello'.ljust(10) 'Hello ' >>> 'Hello'.rjust(20, '') '***************Hello' >>> 'Hello'.ljust(20, '-') 'Hello---------------' >>> 'Hello'.center(20) ' Hello ' >>> 'Hello'.center(20, '=') '=======Hello========' 'start'.center(20,'') >>> spam = ' Hello World ' >>> spam.strip() 'Hello World' >>> spam.lstrip() 'Hello World ' >>> spam.rstrip() ' Hello World' 9 贪婪模式和非贪婪模式 >>> nongreedyRegex = re.compile(r'<.?>') >>> mo = nongreedyRegex.search('<To serve man> for dinner.>') >>> mo.group() '<To serve man>' >>> greedyRegex = re.compile(r'<.>') >>> mo = greedyRegex.search('<To serve man> for dinner.>') >>> mo.group() '<To serve man> for dinner.>' 包括换行符：re.DOTALL >>> noNewlineRegex = re.compile('.') >>> noNewlineRegex.search('Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent. \nUphold the law.').group() 'Serve the public trust.' >>> newlineRegex = re.compile('.', re.DOTALL) >>> newlineRegex.search('Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent.\nUphold the law.').group() 'Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent.\nUphold the law.'

不区分大小写：re.I, re.IGNORECASE sub替换字符串

namesRegex = re.compile(r'Agent \w+') namesRegex.sub('CENSORED', 'Agent Alice gave the secret documents to Agent Bob.') 'CENSORED gave the secret documents to CENSORED.'

忽略空白符和注释：re.VERBOSE 组合使用：someRegexValue = re.compile('foo', re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL | re.VERBOSE)

10文档路径： import os os.path.join('a','b','c')

myFiles = ['accounts.txt', 'details.csv', 'invite.docx'] for filename in myFiles: 'Hello'.center(20, '=') '=======Hello========' 'start'.center(20,'') >>> spam = ' Hello World ' >>> spam.strip() 'Hello World' >>> spam.lstrip() 'Hello World ' >>> spam.rstrip() ' Hello World' 9 贪婪模式和非贪婪模式 >>> nongreedyRegex = re.compile(r'<.?>') >>> mo = nongreedyRegex.search('<To serve man> for dinner.>') >>> mo.group() '<To serve man>' >>> greedyRegex = re.compile(r'<.>') >>> mo = greedyRegex.search('<To serve man> for dinner.>') >>> mo.group() '<To serve man> for dinner.>' 包括换行符：re.DOTALL >>> noNewlineRegex = re.compile('.') >>> noNewlineRegex.search('Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent. \nUphold the law.').group() 'Serve the public trust.' >>> newlineRegex = re.compile('.*', re.DOTALL) >>> newlineRegex.search('Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent.\nUphold the law.').group() 'Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent.\nUphold the law.' 不区分大小写：re.I, re.IGNORECASE sub替换字符串 >>> namesRegex = re.compile(r'Agent \w+') >>> namesRegex.sub('CENSORED', 'Agent Alice gave the secret documents to Agent Bob.') 'CENSORED gave the secret documents to CENSORED.' 忽略空白符和注释：re.VERBOSE 组合使用：someRegexValue = re.compile('foo', re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL | re.VERBOSE) 10文档路径： import os os.path.join('a','b','c') >>> myFiles = ['accounts.txt', 'details.csv', 'invite.docx'] >>> for filename in myFiles: print(os.path.join('C:\Users\asweigart', filename)) C:\Users\asweigart\accounts.txt C:\Users\asweigart\details.csv C:\Users\asweigart\invite.docx

os.getcwd() os.chdir() os.makedirs() os.path.abspath('.') os.path.basename() os.path.dirname()

calcFilePath.split(os.path.sep) ['C:', 'Windows', 'System32', 'calc.exe'] '/usr/bin'.split(os.path.sep) ['', 'usr', 'bin'] os.path.getsize() os.listdir() os.path.exists() os.path.isdir os.path.isfile open().read open().readlines()

11 shutil shutil.copy(xx,dir)

import shutil, os os.chdir('C:\')  >>> shutil.copy('C:\spam.txt', 'C:\delicious') 'C:\delicious\spam.txt'  >>> shutil.copy('eggs.txt', 'C:\delicious\eggs2.txt') ' C:\delicious\eggs2.txt'

shutil.copytree(dir1,dir2) dir2文件夹复制dir1 shutil.move(file1,dir1) 移动 shutil.move(file1,file2) 改名

os.unlink() 删除文件 shutil.rmtree 删除文件夹 • 用os.unlink(path)将删除path 处的文件。 • 调用os.rmdir(path)将删除path 处的文件夹。该文件夹必须为空，其中没有任 何文件和文件夹。 • 调用shutil.rmtree(path)将删除path 处的文件夹，它包含的所有文件和文件夹都 会被删除。

for dirname,subdirnames,filenames in os.walk(xx)

12 zipfile

import zipfile, os os.chdir('C:\') # move to the folder with example.zip exampleZip = zipfile.ZipFile('example.zip') exampleZip.namelist() ['spam.txt', 'cats/', 'cats/catnames.txt', 'cats/zophie.jpg'] spamInfo = exampleZip.getinfo('spam.txt') spamInfo.file_size 13908 spamInfo.compress_size 3828  >>> 'Compressed file is %sx smaller!' % (round(spamInfo.file_size / spamInfo .compress_size, 2)) 'Compressed file is 3.63x smaller!' exampleZip.close()

解压

import zipfile, os os.chdir('C:\') # move to the folder with example.zip exampleZip = zipfile.ZipFile('example.zip')  >>> exampleZip.extractall() exampleZip.close()

单独解压

exampleZip.extract('spam.txt') 'C:\spam.txt' exampleZip.extract('spam.txt', 'C:\some\new\folders') import shutil, os >>> os.chdir('C:\')  >>> shutil.copy('C:\spam.txt', 'C:\delicious') 'C:\delicious\spam.txt'  >>> shutil.copy('eggs.txt', 'C:\delicious\eggs2.txt') ' C:\delicious\eggs2.txt' shutil.copytree(dir1,dir2) dir2文件夹复制dir1 shutil.move(file1,dir1) 移动 shutil.move(file1,file2) 改名 os.unlink() 删除文件 shutil.rmtree 删除文件夹 • 用os.unlink(path)将删除path 处的文件。 • 调用os.rmdir(path)将删除path 处的文件夹。该文件夹必须为空，其中没有任 何文件和文件夹。 • 调用shutil.rmtree(path)将删除path 处的文件夹，它包含的所有文件和文件夹都 会被删除。 for dirname,subdirnames,filenames in os.walk(xx) 12 zipfile >>> import zipfile, os >>> os.chdir('C:\') # move to the folder with example.zip >>> exampleZip = zipfile.ZipFile('example.zip') >>> exampleZip.namelist() ['spam.txt', 'cats/', 'cats/catnames.txt', 'cats/zophie.jpg'] >>> spamInfo = exampleZip.getinfo('spam.txt') >>> spamInfo.file_size 13908 >>> spamInfo.compress_size 3828  >>> 'Compressed file is %sx smaller!' % (round(spamInfo.file_size / spamInfo .compress_size, 2)) 'Compressed file is 3.63x smaller!' >>> exampleZip.close() 解压 >>> import zipfile, os >>> os.chdir('C:\') # move to the folder with example.zip >>> exampleZip = zipfile.ZipFile('example.zip')  >>> exampleZip.extractall() >>> exampleZip.close() 单独解压 >>> exampleZip.extract('spam.txt') 'C:\spam.txt' >>> exampleZip.extract('spam.txt', 'C:\some\new\folders') 'C:\some\new\folders\spam.txt' exampleZip.close()

压缩：

import zipfile newZip = zipfile.ZipFile('new.zip', 'w') newZip.write('spam.txt', compress_type=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) newZip.close()

13 traceback.format_exec()

启动浏览器，打开页面： import webbrowser webbrowser.open('http://inventwithpython.com/')

beautifulsoup的soup select soup.select('div') 所有名为<div>的元素 soup.select('#author') 带有id 属性为author 的元素 soup.select('.notice') 所有使用CSS class 属性名为notice 的元素 soup.select('div span') 所有在<div>元素之内的<span>元素 soup.select('div > span') 所有直接在<div>元素之内的<span>元素，中间没有其他元素 soup.select('input[name]') 所有名为<input>，并有一个name 属性，其值无所谓的元素 soup.select('input[type="button"]') 所有名为<input>，并有一个type 属性，其值为button 的元素

res.raise_for_status() 不存在就异常 res = requests.get(url) res.raise_for_status()

14 selenium 中的 WebDriver 犯法： browser.find_element_by_class_name(name) browser.find_elements_by_class_name(name) 使用CSS 类name 的元素 browser.find_element_by_css_selector(selector) browser.find_elements_by_css_selector(selector) 匹配CSS selector 的元素 browser.find_element_by_id(id) browser.find_elements_by_id(id) 匹配id 属性值的元素 browser.find_element_by_link_text(text) browser.find_elements_by_link_text(text) 完全匹配提供的text 的<a>元素 browser.find_element_by_partial_link_text(text) browser.find_elements_by_partial_link_text(text) 包含提供的text 的<a>元素 browser.find_element_by_name(name) browser.find_elements_by_name(name) 匹配name 属性值的元素 browser.find_element_by_tag_name(name) browser.find_elements_by_tag_name(name) 匹配标签name 的元素 (大小写无关，<a>元素匹配'a'和'A')

WebElement的属性和方法： tag_name 标签名，例如 'a'表示<a>元素 get_attribute(name) 该元素name 属性的值 text 该元素内的文本，例如<span>hello</span>中的'hello' clear() 对于文本字段或文本区域元素，清除其中输入的文本 is_displayed() 如果该元素可见，返回True，否则返回False is_enabled() 对于输入元素，如果该元素启用，返回True，否则返回False is_selected() 对于复选框或单选框元素，如果该元素被选中，选择True，否则返回False location 一个字典，包含键'x'和'y'，表示该元素在页面上的位置

from selenium import webdriver browser = webdriver.Firefox() browser.get('http://inventwithpython.com') try: elem = browser.find_element_by_class_name('bookcover') print('Found <%s> element with that class name!' % (elem.tag_name)) except: print('Was not able to find an element with that name.')

元素点击：

from selenium import webdriver browser = webdriver.Firefox() browser.get('http://inventwithpython.com') linkElem = browser.find_element_by_link_text('Read It Online') type(linkElem) <class 'selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement'> linkElem.click() # follows the "Read It Online" link

输入内容：

from selenium import webdriver browser = webdriver.Firefox() browser.get('http://gmail.com') emailElem = browser.find_element_by_id('Email') emailElem.send_keys('not_my_real_email@gmail.com') passwordElem = browser.find_element_by_id('Passwd') passwordElem.send_keys('12345') passwordElem.submit()

selenium.webdriver.common.keys 中常用变量 Keys.DOWN, Keys.UP, Keys.LEFT,Keys.RIGHT 键盘箭头键 Keys.ENTER, Keys.RETURN 回车和换行键 Keys.HOME, Keys.END, Keys.PAGE_DOWN,Keys.PAGE_UP Home 键、End 键、PageUp 键和Page Down 键 Keys.ESCAPE, Keys.BACK_SPACE,Keys.DELETE Esc、Backspace 和字母键 Keys.F1, Keys.F2, . . . , Keys.F12 键盘顶部的F1 到F12 键 Keys.TAB Tab 键 模拟按键

from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys browser = webdriver.Firefox() browser.get('http://nostarch.com') htmlElem = browser.find_element_by_tag_name('html') htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.END) # scrolls to bottom htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.HOME) # scrolls to top 浏览器按钮： browser.back()点击“返回”按钮。 browser.forward()点击“前进”按钮。 browser.refresh()点击“刷新”按钮。 browser.quit()点击“关闭窗口”按钮。

15 openpyxl

import openpyxl wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') type(wb) <class 'openpyxl.workbook.workbook.Workbook'>

import openpyxl wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') wb.get_sheet_names() ['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', 'Sheet3'] sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet3') sheet browser.get('http://gmail.com') >>> emailElem = browser.find_element_by_id('Email') >>> emailElem.send_keys('not_my_real_email@gmail.com') >>> passwordElem = browser.find_element_by_id('Passwd') >>> passwordElem.send_keys('12345') >>> passwordElem.submit() selenium.webdriver.common.keys 中常用变量 Keys.DOWN, Keys.UP, Keys.LEFT,Keys.RIGHT 键盘箭头键 Keys.ENTER, Keys.RETURN 回车和换行键 Keys.HOME, Keys.END, Keys.PAGE_DOWN,Keys.PAGE_UP Home 键、End 键、PageUp 键和Page Down 键 Keys.ESCAPE, Keys.BACK_SPACE,Keys.DELETE Esc、Backspace 和字母键 Keys.F1, Keys.F2, . . . , Keys.F12 键盘顶部的F1 到F12 键 Keys.TAB Tab 键 模拟按键 >>> from selenium import webdriver >>> from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys >>> browser = webdriver.Firefox() >>> browser.get('http://nostarch.com') >>> htmlElem = browser.find_element_by_tag_name('html') >>> htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.END) # scrolls to bottom >>> htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.HOME) # scrolls to top 浏览器按钮： browser.back()点击“返回”按钮。 browser.forward()点击“前进”按钮。 browser.refresh()点击“刷新”按钮。 browser.quit()点击“关闭窗口”按钮。 15 openpyxl >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> type(wb) <class 'openpyxl.workbook.workbook.Workbook'> >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> wb.get_sheet_names() ['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', 'Sheet3'] >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet3') >>> sheet <Worksheet "Sheet3"> type(sheet) <class 'openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet'> sheet.title 'Sheet3' anotherSheet = wb.get_active_sheet() anotherSheet <Worksheet "Sheet1">

import openpyxl wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') sheet['A1'] <Cell Sheet1.A1> sheet['A1'].value datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 5, 13, 34, 2) c = sheet['B1'] c.value 'Apples' 'Row ' + str(c.row) + ', Column ' + c.column + ' is ' + c.value 'Row 1, Column B is Apples' 'Cell ' + c.coordinate + ' is ' + c.value 'Cell B1 is Apples' sheet['C1'].value from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys >>> browser = webdriver.Firefox() >>> browser.get('http://nostarch.com') >>> htmlElem = browser.find_element_by_tag_name('html') >>> htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.END) # scrolls to bottom >>> htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.HOME) # scrolls to top 浏览器按钮： browser.back()点击“返回”按钮。 browser.forward()点击“前进”按钮。 browser.refresh()点击“刷新”按钮。 browser.quit()点击“关闭窗口”按钮。 15 openpyxl >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> type(wb) <class 'openpyxl.workbook.workbook.Workbook'> >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> wb.get_sheet_names() ['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', 'Sheet3'] >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet3') >>> sheet <Worksheet "Sheet3"> >>> type(sheet) <class 'openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet'> >>> sheet.title 'Sheet3' >>> anotherSheet = wb.get_active_sheet() >>> anotherSheet <Worksheet "Sheet1"> >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') >>> sheet['A1'] <Cell Sheet1.A1> >>> sheet['A1'].value datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 5, 13, 34, 2) >>> c = sheet['B1'] >>> c.value 'Apples' >>> 'Row ' + str(c.row) + ', Column ' + c.column + ' is ' + c.value 'Row 1, Column B is Apples' >>> 'Cell ' + c.coordinate + ' is ' + c.value 'Cell B1 is Apples' >>> sheet['C1'].value 73

sheet.cell(row=1, column=2) <Cell Sheet1.B1> sheet.cell(row=1, column=2).value 'Apples' for i in range(1, 8, 2): print(i, sheet.cell(row=i, column=2).value) 1 Apples htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.END) # scrolls to bottom >>> htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.HOME) # scrolls to top 浏览器按钮： browser.back()点击“返回”按钮。 browser.forward()点击“前进”按钮。 browser.refresh()点击“刷新”按钮。 browser.quit()点击“关闭窗口”按钮。 15 openpyxl >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> type(wb) <class 'openpyxl.workbook.workbook.Workbook'> >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> wb.get_sheet_names() ['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', 'Sheet3'] >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet3') >>> sheet <Worksheet "Sheet3"> >>> type(sheet) <class 'openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet'> >>> sheet.title 'Sheet3' >>> anotherSheet = wb.get_active_sheet() >>> anotherSheet <Worksheet "Sheet1"> >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') >>> sheet['A1'] <Cell Sheet1.A1> >>> sheet['A1'].value datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 5, 13, 34, 2) >>> c = sheet['B1'] >>> c.value 'Apples' >>> 'Row ' + str(c.row) + ', Column ' + c.column + ' is ' + c.value 'Row 1, Column B is Apples' >>> 'Cell ' + c.coordinate + ' is ' + c.value 'Cell B1 is Apples' >>> sheet['C1'].value 73 >>> sheet.cell(row=1, column=2) <Cell Sheet1.B1> >>> sheet.cell(row=1, column=2).value 'Apples' >>> for i in range(1, 8, 2): print(i, sheet.cell(row=i, column=2).value) 1 Apples 3 Pears 5 Apples 7 Strawberries

import openpyxl wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') sheet.get_highest_row() 7 sheet.get_highest_column() 3

import openpyxl from openpyxl.cell import get_column_letter, column_index_from_string get_column_letter(1) 'A' get_column_letter(2) import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> wb.get_sheet_names() ['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', 'Sheet3'] >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet3') >>> sheet <Worksheet "Sheet3"> >>> type(sheet) <class 'openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet'> >>> sheet.title 'Sheet3' >>> anotherSheet = wb.get_active_sheet() >>> anotherSheet <Worksheet "Sheet1"> >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') >>> sheet['A1'] <Cell Sheet1.A1> >>> sheet['A1'].value datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 5, 13, 34, 2) >>> c = sheet['B1'] >>> c.value 'Apples' >>> 'Row ' + str(c.row) + ', Column ' + c.column + ' is ' + c.value 'Row 1, Column B is Apples' >>> 'Cell ' + c.coordinate + ' is ' + c.value 'Cell B1 is Apples' >>> sheet['C1'].value 73 >>> sheet.cell(row=1, column=2) <Cell Sheet1.B1> >>> sheet.cell(row=1, column=2).value 'Apples' >>> for i in range(1, 8, 2): print(i, sheet.cell(row=i, column=2).value) 1 Apples 3 Pears 5 Apples 7 Strawberries >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') >>> sheet.get_highest_row() 7 >>> sheet.get_highest_column() 3 >>> import openpyxl >>> from openpyxl.cell import get_column_letter, column_index_from_string >>> get_column_letter(1) 'A' >>> get_column_letter(2) 'B' get_column_letter(27) 'AA' get_column_letter(900) 'AHP' wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') get_column_letter(sheet.get_highest_column()) 'C' column_index_from_string('A') 1 column_index_from_string('AA') 27

import openpyxl wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') tuple(sheet['A1':'C3']) ((<Cell Sheet1.A1>, <Cell Sheet1.B1>, <Cell Sheet1.C1>), (<Cell Sheet1.A2>, <Cell Sheet1.B2>, <Cell Sheet1.C2>), (<Cell Sheet1.A3>, <Cell Sheet1.B3>, <Cell Sheet1.C3>)) c.value 'Apples' >>> 'Row ' + str(c.row) + ', Column ' + c.column + ' is ' + c.value 'Row 1, Column B is Apples' >>> 'Cell ' + c.coordinate + ' is ' + c.value 'Cell B1 is Apples' >>> sheet['C1'].value 73 >>> sheet.cell(row=1, column=2) <Cell Sheet1.B1> >>> sheet.cell(row=1, column=2).value 'Apples' >>> for i in range(1, 8, 2): print(i, sheet.cell(row=i, column=2).value) 1 Apples 3 Pears 5 Apples 7 Strawberries >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') >>> sheet.get_highest_row() 7 >>> sheet.get_highest_column() 3 >>> import openpyxl >>> from openpyxl.cell import get_column_letter, column_index_from_string >>> get_column_letter(1) 'A' >>> get_column_letter(2) 'B' >>> get_column_letter(27) 'AA' >>> get_column_letter(900) 'AHP' >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') >>> get_column_letter(sheet.get_highest_column()) 'C' >>> column_index_from_string('A') 1 >>> column_index_from_string('AA') 27 >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') >>> tuple(sheet['A1':'C3']) ((<Cell Sheet1.A1>, <Cell Sheet1.B1>, <Cell Sheet1.C1>), (<Cell Sheet1.A2>, <Cell Sheet1.B2>, <Cell Sheet1.C2>), (<Cell Sheet1.A3>, <Cell Sheet1.B3>, <Cell Sheet1.C3>))  >>> for rowOfCellObjects in sheet['A1':'C3']:  for cellObj in rowOfCellObjects: print(cellObj.coordinate, cellObj.value) print('--- END OF ROW ---') A1 2015-04-05 13:34:02 B1 Apples C1 73 --- END OF ROW --- A2 2015-04-05 03:41:23 B2 Cherries C2 85 --- END OF ROW --- A3 2015-04-06 12:46:51 B3 Pears C3 14 --- END OF ROW ---

import openpyxl wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') sheet = wb.get_active_sheet() sheet.columns[1] (<Cell Sheet1.B1>, <Cell Sheet1.B2>, <Cell Sheet1.B3>, <Cell Sheet1.B4>, <Cell Sheet1.B5>, <Cell Sheet1.B6>, <Cell Sheet1.B7>) for cellObj in sheet.columns[1]: from openpyxl.cell import get_column_letter, column_index_from_string >>> get_column_letter(1) 'A' >>> get_column_letter(2) 'B' >>> get_column_letter(27) 'AA' >>> get_column_letter(900) 'AHP' >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') >>> get_column_letter(sheet.get_highest_column()) 'C' >>> column_index_from_string('A') 1 >>> column_index_from_string('AA') 27 >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') >>> tuple(sheet['A1':'C3']) ((<Cell Sheet1.A1>, <Cell Sheet1.B1>, <Cell Sheet1.C1>), (<Cell Sheet1.A2>, <Cell Sheet1.B2>, <Cell Sheet1.C2>), (<Cell Sheet1.A3>, <Cell Sheet1.B3>, <Cell Sheet1.C3>))  >>> for rowOfCellObjects in sheet['A1':'C3']:  for cellObj in rowOfCellObjects: print(cellObj.coordinate, cellObj.value) print('--- END OF ROW ---') A1 2015-04-05 13:34:02 B1 Apples C1 73 --- END OF ROW --- A2 2015-04-05 03:41:23 B2 Cherries C2 85 --- END OF ROW --- A3 2015-04-06 12:46:51 B3 Pears C3 14 --- END OF ROW --- >>> import openpyxl >>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx') >>> sheet = wb.get_active_sheet() >>> sheet.columns[1] (<Cell Sheet1.B1>, <Cell Sheet1.B2>, <Cell Sheet1.B3>, <Cell Sheet1.B4>, <Cell Sheet1.B5>, <Cell Sheet1.B6>, <Cell Sheet1.B7>) >>> for cellObj in sheet.columns[1]: print(cellObj.value)

16\

import time time.time() 1425063955.068649 time.sleep(1)

datetime.datetime.now()

import datetime  >>> datetime.datetime.now()  datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 27, 11, 10, 49, 55, 53)  >>> dt = datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 21, 16, 29, 0)  >>> dt.year, dt.month, dt.day (2015, 10, 21)  >>> dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second (16, 29, 0)

datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(100000000000)

datetime.timedelta 一段时间

delta = datetime.timedelta(days=11, hours=10, minutes=9, seconds=8)  >>> delta.days, delta.seconds, delta.microseconds (11, 36548, 0) delta.total_seconds() 986948.0 str(delta) '11 days, 10:09:08'

暂停直到指定日期： import datetime import time halloween2016 = datetime.datetime(2016, 10, 31, 0, 0, 0) while datetime.datetime.now() < halloween2016: time.sleep(1)

日期格式化：strftime

oct21st = datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 21, 16, 29, 0) oct21st.strftime('%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S') '2015/10/21 16:29:00' oct21st.strftime('%I:%M %p') '04:29 PM' oct21st.strftime("%B of '%y") "October of '15" 字符串转成日期：strptime datetime.datetime.strptime('October 21, 2015', '%B %d, %Y') sheet = wb.get_active_sheet() >>> sheet.columns[1] (<Cell Sheet1.B1>, <Cell Sheet1.B2>, <Cell Sheet1.B3>, <Cell Sheet1.B4>, <Cell Sheet1.B5>, <Cell Sheet1.B6>, <Cell Sheet1.B7>) >>> for cellObj in sheet.columns[1]: print(cellObj.value) 16\ >>> import time >>> time.time() 1425063955.068649 time.sleep(1) datetime.datetime.now() >>> import datetime  >>> datetime.datetime.now()  datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 27, 11, 10, 49, 55, 53)  >>> dt = datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 21, 16, 29, 0)  >>> dt.year, dt.month, dt.day (2015, 10, 21)  >>> dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second (16, 29, 0) datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(100000000000) datetime.timedelta 一段时间 >>> delta = datetime.timedelta(days=11, hours=10, minutes=9, seconds=8)  >>> delta.days, delta.seconds, delta.microseconds (11, 36548, 0) >>> delta.total_seconds() 986948.0 >>> str(delta) '11 days, 10:09:08' 暂停直到指定日期： import datetime import time halloween2016 = datetime.datetime(2016, 10, 31, 0, 0, 0) while datetime.datetime.now() < halloween2016: time.sleep(1) 日期格式化：strftime >>> oct21st = datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 21, 16, 29, 0) >>> oct21st.strftime('%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S') '2015/10/21 16:29:00' >>> oct21st.strftime('%I:%M %p') '04:29 PM' >>> oct21st.strftime("%B of '%y") "October of '15" 字符串转成日期：strptime >>> datetime.datetime.strptime('October 21, 2015', '%B %d, %Y') datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 21, 0, 0) datetime.datetime.strptime('2015/10/21 16:29:00', '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S') datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 21, 16, 29) datetime.datetime.strptime("October of '15", "%B of '%y") datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0) datetime.datetime.strptime("November of '63", "%B of '%y") datetime.datetime(2063, 11, 1, 0, 0)

17 线程！ import threading, time print('Start of program.')  def takeANap(): time.sleep(5) print('Wake up!')  threadObj = threading.Thread(target=takeANap)  threadObj.start() print('End of program.')

threading.Thread(target=xx) x.start() threading.Thread(target=x,args=[1,3,4],kwargs={x:x,y:y})

18 subprocess.Ppopen()

import subprocess subprocess.Popen('C:\Windows\System32\calc.exe')

返回值是一个Popen 对象，它有两个有用的方法：poll()和wait()。 可以认为poll()方法是问你的朋友，她是否执行完毕你给她的代码。如果这个 进程在poll()调用时仍在运行，poll()方法就返回None。如果该程序已经终止， 它会返回该进程的整数退出代码。退出代码用于说明进程是无错终止（退出代码 为0），还是一个错误导致进程终止（退出代码非零，通常为1，但可能根据程序 而不同）。 wait()方法就像是等着你的朋友执行完她的代码，然后你继续执行你的代码。 wait()方法将阻塞，直到启动的进程终止。如果你希望你的程序暂停，直到用户完成 与其他程序，这非常有用。wait()的返回值是进程的整数退出代码。 xx.poll() xx.wait() 阻塞 传递参数： subprocess.Popen(['C:\Windows\notepad.exe', 'C:\hello.txt']) 用系统默认程序播放声音，linux上start要改成open subprocess.Popen(['start', 'alarm.wav'], shell=True)

21 发短信：twilio

from twilio.rest import TwilioRestClient accountSID = 'ACxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx' authToken = 'xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'  >>> twilioCli = TwilioRestClient(accountSID, authToken) myTwilioNumber = '+14955551234' myCellPhone = '+14955558888'  >>> message = twilioCli.messages.create(body='Mr. Watson - Come here - I want to see you.', from_=myTwilioNumber, to=myCellPhone)

22 Pillow获取颜色

from PIL import ImageColor  >>> ImageColor.getcolor('red', 'RGBA') (255, 0, 0, 255)  >>> ImageColor.getcolor('RED', 'RGBA') (255, 0, 0, 255) ImageColor.getcolor('Black', 'RGBA') (0, 0, 0, 255) ImageColor.getcolor('chocolate', 'RGBA') (210, 105, 30, 255) ImageColor.getcolor('CornflowerBlue', 'RGBA') (100, 149, 237, 255) 打开图像 Image.open(xx.png) from PIL import Image catIm = Image.open('zophie.png') 获取图像像素 from PIL import Image catIm = Image.open('zophie.png') catIm.size filename,format format_description save 画纯颜色图片 from PIL import Image  >>> im = Image.new('RGBA', (100, 200), 'purple') im.save('purpleImage.png')  >>> im2 = Image.new('RGBA', (20, 20)) im2.save('transparentImage.png') 剪裁图片 croppedIm = catIm.crop((335, 345, 565, 560)) croppedIm.save('cropped.png') 复制和粘贴图片 catIm = Image.open('zophie.png') catCopyIm = catIm.copy() faceIm = catIm.crop((335, 345, 565, 560)) faceIm.size (230, 215) catCopyIm.paste(faceIm, (0, 0)) catCopyIm.paste(faceIm, (400, 500)) catCopyIm.save('pasted.png') 平铺图像 catImWidth, catImHeight = catIm.size faceImWidth, faceImHeight = faceIm.size  >>> catCopyTwo = catIm.copy()  >>> for left in range(0, catImWidth, faceImWidth):  for top in range(0, catImHeight, faceImHeight): print(left, top) catCopyTwo.paste(faceIm, (left, top)) 调整图像大小 width, height = catIm.size  >>> quartersizedIm = catIm.resize((int(width / 2), int(height / 2))) quartersizedIm.save('quartersized.png')  >>> svelteIm = catIm.resize((width, height + 300)) svelteIm.save('svelte.png') ImageColor.getcolor('CornflowerBlue', 'RGBA') (100, 149, 237, 255) 打开图像 Image.open(xx.png) >>> from PIL import Image >>> catIm = Image.open('zophie.png') 获取图像像素 >>> from PIL import Image >>> catIm = Image.open('zophie.png') >>> catIm.size filename,format format_description save 画纯颜色图片 >>> from PIL import Image  >>> im = Image.new('RGBA', (100, 200), 'purple') >>> im.save('purpleImage.png')  >>> im2 = Image.new('RGBA', (20, 20)) >>> im2.save('transparentImage.png') 剪裁图片 >>> croppedIm = catIm.crop((335, 345, 565, 560)) >>> croppedIm.save('cropped.png') 复制和粘贴图片 >>> catIm = Image.open('zophie.png') >>> catCopyIm = catIm.copy() >>> faceIm = catIm.crop((335, 345, 565, 560)) >>> faceIm.size (230, 215) >>> catCopyIm.paste(faceIm, (0, 0)) >>> catCopyIm.paste(faceIm, (400, 500)) >>> catCopyIm.save('pasted.png') 平铺图像 >>> catImWidth, catImHeight = catIm.size >>> faceImWidth, faceImHeight = faceIm.size  >>> catCopyTwo = catIm.copy()  >>> for left in range(0, catImWidth, faceImWidth):  for top in range(0, catImHeight, faceImHeight): print(left, top) catCopyTwo.paste(faceIm, (left, top)) 调整图像大小 >>> width, height = catIm.size  >>> quartersizedIm = catIm.resize((int(width / 2), int(height / 2))) >>> quartersizedIm.save('quartersized.png')  >>> svelteIm = catIm.resize((width, height + 300)) >>> svelteIm.save('svelte.png') 翻转图像 catIm.rotate(90).save('rotated90.png') catIm.rotate(180).save('rotated180.png') catIm.rotate(270).save('rotated270.png') 翻转并扩大 catIm.rotate(6).save('rotated6.png') catIm.rotate(6, expand=True).save('rotated6_expanded.png') 翻转（整面） catIm.transpose(Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT).save('horizontal_flip.png') catIm.transpose(Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM).save('vertical_flip.png')

image.png 更改像素 im = Image.new('RGBA', (100, 100))  >>> im.getpixel((0, 0)) (0, 0, 0, 0)  >>> for x in range(100): for y in range(50):  im.putpixel((x, y), (210, 210, 210)) from PIL import ImageColor  >>> for x in range(100): for y in range(50, 100): catCopyIm.save('pasted.png') 平铺图像 >>> catImWidth, catImHeight = catIm.size >>> faceImWidth, faceImHeight = faceIm.size  >>> catCopyTwo = catIm.copy()  >>> for left in range(0, catImWidth, faceImWidth):  for top in range(0, catImHeight, faceImHeight): print(left, top) catCopyTwo.paste(faceIm, (left, top)) 调整图像大小 >>> width, height = catIm.size  >>> quartersizedIm = catIm.resize((int(width / 2), int(height / 2))) >>> quartersizedIm.save('quartersized.png')  >>> svelteIm = catIm.resize((width, height + 300)) >>> svelteIm.save('svelte.png') 翻转图像 >>> catIm.rotate(90).save('rotated90.png') >>> catIm.rotate(180).save('rotated180.png') >>> catIm.rotate(270).save('rotated270.png') 翻转并扩大 >>> catIm.rotate(6).save('rotated6.png') >>> catIm.rotate(6, expand=True).save('rotated6_expanded.png') 翻转（整面） >>> catIm.transpose(Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT).save('horizontal_flip.png') >>> catIm.transpose(Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM).save('vertical_flip.png')

image.png 更改像素 >>> im = Image.new('RGBA', (100, 100))  >>> im.getpixel((0, 0)) (0, 0, 0, 0)  >>> for x in range(100): for y in range(50):  im.putpixel((x, y), (210, 210, 210)) >>> from PIL import ImageColor  >>> for x in range(100): for y in range(50, 100):  im.putpixel((x, y), ImageColor.getcolor('darkgray', 'RGBA')) im.getpixel((0, 0)) (210, 210, 210, 255) im.getpixel((0, 50)) (169, 169, 169, 255) im.save('putPixel.png')

画图：

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw im = Image.new('RGBA', (200, 200), 'white') draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im) 点 point(xy, fill)方法绘制单个像素。xy 参数表示要画的点的列表。该列表可以是x quartersizedIm = catIm.resize((int(width / 2), int(height / 2))) >>> quartersizedIm.save('quartersized.png')  >>> svelteIm = catIm.resize((width, height + 300)) >>> svelteIm.save('svelte.png') 翻转图像 >>> catIm.rotate(90).save('rotated90.png') >>> catIm.rotate(180).save('rotated180.png') >>> catIm.rotate(270).save('rotated270.png') 翻转并扩大 >>> catIm.rotate(6).save('rotated6.png') >>> catIm.rotate(6, expand=True).save('rotated6_expanded.png') 翻转（整面） >>> catIm.transpose(Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT).save('horizontal_flip.png') >>> catIm.transpose(Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM).save('vertical_flip.png')

image.png 更改像素 >>> im = Image.new('RGBA', (100, 100))  >>> im.getpixel((0, 0)) (0, 0, 0, 0)  >>> for x in range(100): for y in range(50):  im.putpixel((x, y), (210, 210, 210)) >>> from PIL import ImageColor  >>> for x in range(100): for y in range(50, 100):  im.putpixel((x, y), ImageColor.getcolor('darkgray', 'RGBA')) >>> im.getpixel((0, 0)) (210, 210, 210, 255) >>> im.getpixel((0, 50)) (169, 169, 169, 255) > >> im.save('putPixel.png') 画图： >>> from PIL import Image, ImageDraw >>> im = Image.new('RGBA', (200, 200), 'white') >>> draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im) 点 point(xy, fill)方法绘制单个像素。xy 参数表示要画的点的列表。该列表可以是x 和y 坐标的元组的列表，例如[(x, y), (x, y), ...]，或是没有元组的x 和y 坐标的列表， 例如[x1, y1, x2, y2, ...]。fill 参数是点的颜色，要么是一个RGBA 元组，要么是颜色 名称的字符串，如'red'。fill 参数是可选的。 线 line(xy, fill, width)方法绘制一条线或一系列的线。xy 要么是一个元组的列表， 例如[(x, y), (x, y), ...]，要么是一个整数列表，例如[x1, y1, x2, y2, ...]。每个点都是正 在绘制的线上的一个连接点。可选的fill 参数是线的颜色，是一个RGBA 元组或颜色 名称。可选的width 参数是线的宽度，如果未指定，缺省值为1。 矩形 rectangle(xy, fill, outline)方法绘制一个矩形。xy 参数是一个矩形元组，形式为(left, top, right, bottom)。left 和top 值指定了矩形左上角的x 和y 坐标，right 和bottom 指定 了矩形的右下角。可选的fill 参数是颜色，将填充该矩形的内部。可选的outline 参 数是矩形轮廓的颜色。 椭圆 ellipse(xy, fill, outline)方法绘制一个椭圆。如果椭圆的宽度和高度一样，该方法将绘 制一个圆。xy 参数是一个矩形元组(left, top, right, bottom)，它表示正好包含该椭圆的 矩形。可选的fill 参数是椭圆内的颜色，可选的outline 参数是椭圆轮廓的颜色。 多边形 polygon(xy, fill, outline)方法绘制任意的多边形。xy 参数是一个元组列表，例如 [(x, y), (x, y), ...]，或者是一个整数列表，例如[x1, y1, x2, y2, ...]，表示多边形边的连 接点。最后一对坐标将自动连接到第一对坐标。可选的fill 参数是多边形内部的颜 色，可选的outline 参数是多边形轮廓的颜色。 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw im = Image.new('RGBA', (200, 200), 'white') draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)  >>> draw.line([(0, 0), (199, 0), (199, 199), (0, 199), (0, 0)], fill='black')  >>> draw.rectangle((20, 30, 60, 60), fill='blue')  >>> draw.ellipse((120, 30, 160, 60), fill='red')  >>> draw.polygon(((57, 87), (79, 62), (94, 85), (120, 90), (103, 113)), fill='brown')  >>> for i in range(100, 200, 10): draw.line([(i, 0), (200, i - 100)], fill='green') im.save('drawing.png') 写字 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont import os  >>> im = Image.new('RGBA', (200, 200), 'white') draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)  >>> draw.text((20, 150), 'Hello', fill='purple') fontsFolder = 'FONT_FOLDER' # e.g. ‘/Library/Fonts’  >>> arialFont = ImageFont.truetype(os.path.join(fontsFolder, 'arial.ttf'), 32)  >>> draw.text((100, 150), 'Howdy', fill='gray', font=arialFont) im.save('text.png')