go 并发模式
1. 函数返回channel
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func main() {
c := boring("boring!") // Function returning a channel.
for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
fmt.Printf("You say: %q\n", <-c)
}
fmt.Println("You're boring; I'm leaving.")
}
func boring(msg string) <-chan string { // Returns receive-only channel of strings.
c := make(chan string)
go func() { // We launch the goroutine from inside the function.
for i := 0; ; i++ {
c <- fmt.Sprintf("%s %d", msg, i)
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(1e3)) * time.Millisecond)
}
}()
return c // Return the channel to the caller.
}boring返回一个channel，不断往里写数据。main调用，并从channel中获取数据，结果如下：
You say: "boring! 0"
You say: "boring! 1"
You say: "boring! 2"
You say: "boring! 3"
You say: "boring! 4"
You're boring; I'm leaving.1.1 通道做句柄
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func main() {
joe := boring("Joe")
ann := boring("Ann")
for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
fmt.Println(<-joe)
fmt.Println(<-ann) // ann will block if joe is not ready to give a value
}
fmt.Println("You're both boring; I'm leaving.")
}
func boring(msg string) <-chan string { // Returns receive-only channel of strings.
c := make(chan string)
go func() { // We launch the goroutine from inside the function.
for i := 0; ; i++ {
c <- fmt.Sprintf("%s: %d", msg, i)
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(1e3)) * time.Millisecond)
}
}()
return c // Return the channel to the caller.
}返回多个boring服务，channel做服务的句柄（也就是唯一标识）。返回channel时，通道没有数据会阻塞，按顺序来即可保证输出顺序。 结果如下：
Joe: 0
Ann: 0
Joe: 1
Ann: 1
Joe: 2
Ann: 2
Joe: 3
Ann: 3
Joe: 4
Ann: 4
You're both boring; I'm leaving.但是当joe 阻塞的时候，就会阻塞ann，程序会阻塞在Joe读取这里。
扇入(fan in): 多个channel 并入一个
多个channel 并入一个channel 输出, 不考虑顺序，随机输出
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func main() {
c := fanIn(boring("Joe"), boring("Ann"))
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
fmt.Println(<-c) // HL
}
fmt.Println("You're both boring; I'm leaving.")
}
func boring(msg string) <-chan string { // Returns receive-only channel of strings.
c := make(chan string)
go func() { // We launch the goroutine from inside the function.
for i := 0; ; i++ {
c <- fmt.Sprintf("%s: %d", msg, i)
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(2e3)) * time.Millisecond)
}
}()
return c // Return the channel to the caller.
}
func fanIn(input1, input2 <-chan string) <-chan string {
c := make(chan string)
go func() {
for {
c <- <-input1
}
}()
go func() {
for {
c <- <-input2
}
}()
return c
}输出类似如下, 不考虑顺序时可以这样使用，类似开车时的汇入，“前方小心右侧车辆汇入”。
Ann: 0
Joe: 0
Ann: 1
Joe: 1
Ann: 2
Joe: 2
Ann: 3
Ann: 4
Ann: 5
Joe: 3
You're both boring; I'm leaving.input1、input2和c的关系如下图所示：
阻塞与按序恢复
使用channel 阻塞打印，使得打印按照顺序进行打印.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
type Message struct {
str string
wait chan bool
}
func main() {
c := fanIn(boring("Joe"), boring("Ann"))
for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
msg1 := <-c; fmt.Println(msg1.str)
msg2 := <-c; fmt.Println(msg2.str)
msg1.wait <- true // block boring, false is also ok
msg2.wait <- true
}
fmt.Println("You're both boring; I'm leaving.")
}
func boring(msg string) <-chan Message { // Returns receive-only channel of strings.
c := make(chan Message)
waitForIt := make(chan bool) // Shared between all messages.
go func() { // We launch the goroutine from inside the function.
for i := 0; ; i++ {
c <- Message{ fmt.Sprintf("%s: %d", msg, i), waitForIt }
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(2e3)) * time.Millisecond)
<-waitForIt // to be blocked
}
}()
return c // Return the channel to the caller.
}
func fanIn(inputs ... <-chan Message) <-chan Message {
c := make(chan Message)
for i := range inputs {
input := inputs[i] // New instance of 'input' for each loop.
go func() { for { c <- <-input } }()
}
return c
}结果如下
Joe: 0
Ann: 0
Joe: 1
Ann: 1
Joe: 2
Ann: 2
Joe: 3
Ann: 3
Joe: 4
Ann: 4
You're both boring; I'm leaving.乱序到达，通过通道形成加锁同步。通道作为锁，
<-waitForIt会阻塞，直到有数据。
因为没有设置缓冲区，强行将输出同步， 作为知识点了解，实际作用不大。
使用select
与switch语句相比，select有比较多的限制，其中最大的一条限制就是每个case语句后面必须是一个Io操作 。
select 作用主要是配合channel实现IO多路复用， 更多多路复用可以查看下面参考资料
扇入(fan In)模式与Select的结合
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func main() {
c := fanIn(boring("Joe"), boring("Ann"))
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
fmt.Println(<-c)
}
fmt.Println("You're both boring1; I'm leaving.")
}
func boring(msg string) <-chan string { // Returns receive-only channel of strings.
c := make(chan string)
go func() { // We launch the goroutine from inside the function.
for i := 0; ; i++ {
c <- fmt.Sprintf("%s: %d", msg, i)
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(1e3)) * time.Millisecond)
}
}()
return c // Return the channel to the caller.
}
func fanIn(input1, input2 <-chan string) <-chan string {
c := make(chan string)
go func() {
for {
select {
case s := <-input1:
c <- s
case s := <-input2:
c <- s
}
}
}()
return c
}fanIn不再使用多个goroutine了，而是使用一个goroutine，在其中有无限循环和select。
Ann: 0
Joe: 0
Ann: 1
Joe: 1
Ann: 2
Joe: 2
Ann: 3
Joe: 3
Ann: 4
Joe: 4
You're both boring1; I'm leaving.模式3：通信超时
单次超时
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func init() {
rand.Seed(time.Now().Unix()) // 这里多加一个rand 随机数
}
func main() {
c := boring("Joe")
for {
select {
case s := <-c:
fmt.Println(s)
case <-time.After(1 * time.Second): // if you change it to more than 1.5 seconds it will not block, eg. 5
fmt.Println("You're too slow.") // it's time to stop last case
return // 这里必须是return 不能是break
}
}
}
func boring(msg string) <-chan string { // Returns receive-only channel of strings.
c := make(chan string)
go func() { // We launch the goroutine from inside the function.
for i := 0; ; i++ {
c <- fmt.Sprintf("%s: %d", msg, i)
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(1500)) * time.Millisecond)
}
}()
return c // Return the channel to the caller.
}因为两个chan都是阻塞的，每次for循环，得到的time.After都是新的1秒，当数字随机的数字大于1秒时，则退出。
有的时候boring服务可能是页面访问，获取资源等服务，我们并不清楚需要多长时间，但是我们有一个时间上限。这个时候可以使用库函数，time.After，到达等待时间后它会返回一个channel，这时我们可以退出程序。
Joe: 0
You're too slow.在使用select 时候一般我们配合for循环用，如果想跳出for,要用 return进行跳出，不要用break，因为break只会跳出select ,不会跳出for循环
如果在主协程（main）的select 内用runtime.Goexit() 进行退出 会报错： no goroutines (main called runtime.Goexit) - deadlock! ，还是要用return
总体超时
总体超时需要将timeout 定义在for循环之外
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func main() {
c := boring("Joe")
timeout := time.After(5 * time.Second)
for {
select {
case s := <-c:
fmt.Println(s)
case <-timeout:
fmt.Println("You talk too much.")
return
}
}
}
func boring(msg string) <-chan string { // Returns receive-only channel of strings.
c := make(chan string)
go func() { // We launch the goroutine from inside the function.
for i := 0; ; i++ {
c <- fmt.Sprintf("%s: %d", msg, i)
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(1500)) * time.Millisecond)
}
}()
return c // Return the channel to the caller.
}我们只定义一个timeout，到达后就退出。
Joe: 0
Joe: 1
Joe: 2
Joe: 3
Joe: 4
Joe: 5
Joe: 6
Joe: 7
Joe: 8
You talk too much.使用context.WithTimeout来控制超时退出
package main
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
ctx, _ := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), 3*time.Second) //定义一个超时的 context
stop := make(chan struct{})
go func() {
time.Sleep(4 * time.Second)
close(stop)
}()
for {
select {
case <-stop:
fmt.Println("Stop ... ")
return
case <-ctx.Done():
fmt.Println("context ... ")
return
}
}
}结果是
context ...周期定时
在循环前定义time.Tick
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func main() {
timeout := time.After(3 * time.Second)
timetrick := time.Tick(time.Second)
c := make(chan int)
go func() {
for {
c <- 0
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(500)) * time.Millisecond)
}
}()
for {
select {
case <-c:
fmt.Println("I'm working...")
case <-timetrick:
fmt.Println("1 second pass")
case <-timeout:
fmt.Println("3 second")
return
}
}
}结果
I'm working...
I'm working...
I'm working...
I'm working...
I'm working...
I'm working...
1 second pass
I'm working...
I'm working...
I'm working...
1 second pass
I'm working...
I'm working...
I'm working...
I'm working...
I'm working...
I'm working...
3 second模式4：自定义退出
定义一个quit 来控制退出
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func main() {
quit := make(chan bool)
c := boring("Joe", quit)
for i := rand.Intn(10); i >= 0; i-- {
fmt.Println(<-c)
}
// modify by lady_killer9
fmt.Println("You're boring!")
quit <- true
}
func boring(msg string, quit <-chan bool) <-chan string {
c := make(chan string)
go func() {
for i := 0; ; i++ {
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(1e3)) * time.Millisecond)
select {
case c <- fmt.Sprintf("%s: %d", msg, i):
// do nothing
case <-quit:
return
}
}
}()
return c
}想退出时，在select的某个return的case对应的channel中写入数据
Joe: 0
Joe: 1
You're boring!安全的退出
退出时做清理
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func cleanup() {
// added by lady_killer9
fmt.Println("clean up ")
}
func main() {
quit := make(chan string)
c := boring("Joe", quit)
for i := rand.Intn(10); i >= 0; i-- {
fmt.Println(<-c)
}
quit <- "Bye!"
fmt.Printf("Joe says: %q\n", <-quit)
}
func boring(msg string, quit chan string) <-chan string {
c := make(chan string)
go func() {
for i := 0; ; i++ {
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(1e3)) * time.Millisecond)
select {
case c <- fmt.Sprintf("%s: %d", msg, i):
// do nothing
case <-quit:
cleanup()
quit <- "See you!"
return
}
}
}()
return c
}有的时候，我们收到要关闭的消息后，需要进行文件关闭等清理工作，之后再告诉主程序我们清理完毕，可以退出了，防止内存泄露，文件占用等情况。
Joe: 0
Joe: 1
clean up
Joe says: "See you!"goroutine的速度
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func f(left, right chan int) {
left <- 1 + <-right
}
func main() {
const n = 10000
leftmost := make(chan int)
right := leftmost
left := leftmost
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
right = make(chan int)
go f(left, right)
left = right
}
start := time.Now()
go func(c chan int) { c <- 1 }(right)
fmt.Println(<-leftmost)
fmt.Println(time.Since(start))
}
类似于传话筒游戏，我们不断的右耳朵进，左耳朵出。这里使用了10000个goroutine，结果如下
10001
6.955789ms注： 博客里是3.5ms左右，可能是我机器还跑了其他东西的原因
大概花了3ms多一点，就完成了10000个goroutine的通信，如果使用Python等其他语言是很难达到的，这就是goroutine，简单，高效。
Google Search
Google搜索是一个很好的例子，我们输入问题，然后Google发给多个后端程序进行搜索，可能是网页，图片，视频等，最后将结果进行一个汇总并返回。接下来进行一个仿造：
Google Search 1.0
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
type Result string
func Google(query string) (results []Result) {
results = append(results, Web(query))
results = append(results, Image(query))
results = append(results, Video(query))
return
}
var (
Web = fakeSearch("web")
Image = fakeSearch("image")
Video = fakeSearch("video")
)
type Search func(query string) Result
func fakeSearch(kind string) Search {
return func(query string) Result {
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(100)) * time.Millisecond)
return Result(fmt.Sprintf("%s result for %q\n", kind, query))
}
}
func main() {
rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
start := time.Now()
results := Google("golang")
elapsed := time.Since(start)
fmt.Println(results)
fmt.Println(elapsed)
}在Google时，只是将结果放入结果队列依次放入会等待上一个结果出来。
[web result for "golang"
image result for "golang"
video result for "golang"
]
84.514029ms等待太浪费时间了，我们可以使用goroutine
Google Search 2.0
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
type Result string
type Search func(query string) Result
var (
Web = fakeSearch("web")
Image = fakeSearch("image")
Video = fakeSearch("video")
)
func Google(query string) (results []Result) {
c := make(chan Result)
go func() { c <- Web(query) }()
go func() { c <- Image(query) }()
go func() { c <- Video(query) }()
for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
result := <-c
results = append(results, result)
}
return
}
func fakeSearch(kind string) Search {
return func(query string) Result {
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(100)) * time.Millisecond)
return Result(fmt.Sprintf("%s result for %q\n", kind, query))
}
}
func main() {
rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
start := time.Now()
results := Google("golang")
elapsed := time.Since(start)
fmt.Println(results)
fmt.Println(elapsed)
}使用goroutine就不必等待上一个结果出来 (使用并发扇入这种方式，将调用方法并发)
[image result for "golang"
web result for "golang"
video result for "golang"
]
63.255893msGoogle Search 2.1
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
type Result string
type Search func(query string) Result
var (
Web = fakeSearch("web")
Image = fakeSearch("image")
Video = fakeSearch("video")
)
func Google(query string) (results []Result) {
c := make(chan Result)
go func() { c <- Web(query) }()
go func() { c <- Image(query) }()
go func() { c <- Video(query) }()
timeout := time.After(80 * time.Millisecond)
for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
select {
case result := <-c:
results = append(results, result)
case <-timeout:
fmt.Println("timed out")
return
}
}
return
}
func fakeSearch(kind string) Search {
return func(query string) Result {
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(100)) * time.Millisecond)
return Result(fmt.Sprintf("%s result for %q\n", kind, query))
}
}
func main() {
rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
start := time.Now()
results := Google("golang")
elapsed := time.Since(start)
fmt.Println(results)
fmt.Println(elapsed)
}在Google 2.0的fan In模式的基础上，增加了总体超时模式，超过时不再等待其他结果。
timed out
[web result for "golang"
image result for "golang"
]
81.379159ms我们如何避免丢弃慢速服务器的结果呢？例如，上面的video被丢弃了 答：复制服务器。向多个副本发送请求，并使用第一个响应。
Google Search 3.0
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
type Result string
type Search func(query string) Result
func First(query string, replicas ...Search) Result {
c := make(chan Result)
searchReplica := func(i int) { c <- replicas[i](query) }
for i := range replicas {
go searchReplica(i)
}
return <-c
}
func main() {
rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
start := time.Now()
result := First("golang",
fakeSearch("replica 1"),
fakeSearch("replica 2"))
elapsed := time.Since(start)
fmt.Println(result)
fmt.Println(elapsed)
}
func fakeSearch(kind string) Search {
return func(query string) Result {
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(100)) * time.Millisecond)
return Result(fmt.Sprintf("%s result for %q\n", kind, query))
}
}对于同一个问题，我们启用多个副本，返回最快的服务器搜索到的结果
replica 1 result for "golang"
1.388248ms随机时间不同，导致传入最先传入c的被拿到，然后return了
接下来，我们针对web、image、video都启用多个服务器进行搜索
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
type Result string
type Search func(query string) Result
var (
Web1 = fakeSearch("web1")
Web2 = fakeSearch("web2")
Image1 = fakeSearch("image1")
Image2 = fakeSearch("image2")
Video1 = fakeSearch("video1")
Video2 = fakeSearch("video2")
)
func Google(query string) (results []Result) {
c := make(chan Result)
go func() { c <- First(query, Web1, Web2) }()
go func() { c <- First(query, Image1, Image2) }()
go func() { c <- First(query, Video1, Video2) }()
timeout := time.After(80 * time.Millisecond)
for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
select {
case result := <-c:
results = append(results, result)
case <-timeout:
fmt.Println("timed out")
return
}
}
return
}
func First(query string, replicas ...Search) Result {
c := make(chan Result)
searchReplica := func(i int) {
c <- replicas[i](query)
}
for i := range replicas {
go searchReplica(i)
}
return <-c
}
func fakeSearch(kind string) Search {
return func(query string) Result {
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(100)) * time.Millisecond)
return Result(fmt.Sprintf("%s result for %q\n", kind, query))
}
}
func main() {
rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
start := time.Now()
results := Google("golang")
elapsed := time.Since(start)
fmt.Println(results)
fmt.Println(elapsed)
}通过多个副本，选择最快的一个的方式，基本可以保证每种类型的结果都能在超时时间内完成。
[web2 result for "golang"
video1 result for "golang"
image2 result for "golang"
]
37.218453mscallback模式--作为参数
go开启一个协程，并不知道什么时候会结束，其他语言一般会有callback，在go中，函数可以作为参数实现callback，这里再说一种channel实现callback的思路。
开启的协程，可以在结束后像一个channel中写入值，main routine中读取，即可实现阻塞直到完成。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func doSomething(event string, ch chan<- bool) {
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(500)) * time.Millisecond)
ch <- true
}
func main() {
ch := make(chan bool)
go doSomething("event", ch)
for {
select {
case <-ch:
fmt.Println("finish...")
return
}
}
}一般是等待第一个协程结束或所有协程结束，如果多个协程的话可以计数。
sync里面有WaitGroup, 可以wait所有协程
缓存模式-- channel带buffer
举个例子，假设厨师做饭一会儿做的快，可能是凉菜，一会儿做的慢，可能是佛跳墙。服务员的端菜速度是一定的，如果菜没有地方放，只能等待服务员拿的话，就会很慢，因为厨师做快了没有地方放（阻塞），做慢了的话服务员要一直等（阻塞）。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
var food = make(chan string)
func cook(foods []string) {
for _, f := range foods {
if f == "凉菜" {
time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
food <- "凉菜"
} else {
time.Sleep(800 * time.Millisecond)
food <- "佛跳墙"
}
}
}
func server(finish chan bool) {
for {
select {
case name := <-food:
time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(600)) * time.Millisecond)
fmt.Println("客官，上菜了:", name)
finish <- true
default:
//fmt.Println("服务员在等待...")
}
}
}
func main() {
foods := []string{"凉菜", "凉菜", "凉菜", "凉菜", "凉菜", "凉菜", "佛跳墙", "凉菜"}
n := len(foods)
cnt := 0
finish := make(chan bool)
start := time.Now()
go cook(foods)
go server(finish)
for {
select {
case <-finish:
{
cnt += 1
if cnt == n {
fmt.Println(time.Since(start))
return
}
}
}
}
}结果是2秒多
客官，上菜了: 凉菜
客官，上菜了: 凉菜
客官，上菜了: 凉菜
客官，上菜了: 凉菜
客官，上菜了: 凉菜
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客官，上菜了: 佛跳墙
客官，上菜了: 凉菜
2.22571934s上面代码是没有缓存的，会慢一些，如果把food改为
var food = make(chan string,6)结果是1.6秒， 比不带buff 阻塞的快了些
客官，上菜了: 凉菜
客官，上菜了: 凉菜
客官，上菜了: 凉菜
客官，上菜了: 凉菜
客官，上菜了: 凉菜
客官，上菜了: 凉菜
客官，上菜了: 佛跳墙
客官，上菜了: 凉菜
1.666686866s参考
Go-并发模式总结（扇入模式，超时模式，callback模式等）
这个参考里的源码已经没用kind类型了，其他说明还可以看看。
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原始发表：2022-10-11，如有侵权请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除
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