使用 Python 和 Pygame 制作游戏：第六章到第八章

  # Wormy (a Nibbles clone)
  # By Al Sweigart [[email protected]](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection)
  # http://inventwithpython.com/pygame
  # Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 US

  import random, pygame, sys
  from pygame.locals import *

  FPS = 15
 WINDOWWIDTH = 640
 WINDOWHEIGHT = 480
 CELLSIZE = 20
 assert WINDOWWIDTH % CELLSIZE == 0, "Window width must be a multiple of cell size."
 assert WINDOWHEIGHT % CELLSIZE == 0, "Window height must be a multiple of cell size."
 CELLWIDTH = int(WINDOWWIDTH / CELLSIZE)
 CELLHEIGHT = int(WINDOWHEIGHT / CELLSIZE)

#             R    G    B
 WHITE     = (255, 255, 255)
 BLACK     = (  0,   0,   0)
 RED       = (255,   0,   0)
 GREEN     = (  0, 255,   0)
 DARKGREEN = (  0, 155,   0)
 DARKGRAY  = ( 40,  40,  40)
 BGCOLOR = BLACK

 UP = 'up'
 DOWN = 'down'
 LEFT = 'left'
 RIGHT = 'right'

 HEAD = 0 # syntactic sugar: index of the worm's head

def main():
     global FPSCLOCK, DISPLAYSURF, BASICFONT

     pygame.init()
     FPSCLOCK = pygame.time.Clock()
     DISPLAYSURF = pygame.display.set_mode((WINDOWWIDTH, WINDOWHEIGHT))
     BASICFONT = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 18)
     pygame.display.set_caption('Wormy')

     showStartScreen()
     while True:
         runGame()
         showGameOverScreen()

def runGame():
    # Set a random start point.
    startx = random.randint(5, CELLWIDTH - 6)
    starty = random.randint(5, CELLHEIGHT - 6)
    wormCoords = [{'x': startx,     'y': starty},
                  {'x': startx - 1, 'y': starty},
                  {'x': startx - 2, 'y': starty}]
    direction = RIGHT

    # Start the apple in a random place.
    apple = getRandomLocation()

    while True: # main game loop
        for event in pygame.event.get(): # event handling loop
            if event.type == QUIT:
                terminate()
            elif event.type == KEYDOWN:
                if (event.key == K_LEFT or event.key == K_a) and direction != RIGHT:
                    direction = LEFT
                elif (event.key == K_RIGHT or event.key == K_d) and direction != LEFT:
                    direction = RIGHT
                elif (event.key == K_UP or event.key == K_w) and direction != DOWN:
                    direction = UP
                elif (event.key == K_DOWN or event.key == K_s) and direction != UP:
                    direction = DOWN
                elif event.key == K_ESCAPE:
                    terminate()

        # check if the worm has hit itself or the edge
        if wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] == -1 or wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] == CELLWIDTH or wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] == -1 or wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] == CELLHEIGHT:
            return # game over
        for wormBody in wormCoords[1:]:
            if wormBody['x'] == wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] and wormBody['y'] == wormCoords[HEAD]['y']:
                return # game over

        # check if worm has eaten an apply
        if wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] == apple['x'] and wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] == apple['y']:
            # don't remove worm's tail segment
            apple = getRandomLocation() # set a new apple somewhere
        else:
            del wormCoords[-1] # remove worm's tail segment

        # move the worm by adding a segment in the direction it is moving
        if direction == UP:
            newHead = {'x': wormCoords[HEAD]['x'], 'y': wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] - 1}
        elif direction == DOWN:
            newHead = {'x': wormCoords[HEAD]['x'], 'y': wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] + 1}
        elif direction == LEFT:
            newHead = {'x': wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] - 1, 'y': wormCoords[HEAD]['y']}
        elif direction == RIGHT:
            newHead = {'x': wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] + 1, 'y': wormCoords[HEAD]['y']}
         wormCoords.insert(0, newHead)
        DISPLAYSURF.fill(BGCOLOR)
         drawGrid()
        drawWorm(wormCoords)
        drawApple(apple)
        drawScore(len(wormCoords) - 3)
        pygame.display.update()
        FPSCLOCK.tick(FPS)

def drawPressKeyMsg():
    pressKeySurf = BASICFONT.render('Press a key to play.', True, DARKGRAY)
    pressKeyRect = pressKeySurf.get_rect()
    pressKeyRect.topleft = (WINDOWWIDTH - 200, WINDOWHEIGHT - 30)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(pressKeySurf, pressKeyRect)

def checkForKeyPress():
    if len(pygame.event.get(QUIT)) > 0:
        terminate()

    keyUpEvents = pygame.event.get(KEYUP)
     if len(keyUpEvents) == 0:
         return None
    if keyUpEvents[0].key == K_ESCAPE:
        terminate()
    return keyUpEvents[0].key

def showStartScreen():
    titleFont = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 100)
    titleSurf1 = titleFont.render('Wormy!', True, WHITE, DARKGREEN)
    titleSurf2 = titleFont.render('Wormy!', True, GREEN)

    degrees1 = 0
    degrees2 = 0
    while True:
        DISPLAYSURF.fill(BGCOLOR)
        rotatedSurf1 = pygame.transform.rotate(titleSurf1, degrees1)
        rotatedRect1 = rotatedSurf1.get_rect()
        rotatedRect1.center = (WINDOWWIDTH / 2, WINDOWHEIGHT / 2)
        DISPLAYSURF.blit(rotatedSurf1, rotatedRect1)

        rotatedSurf2 = pygame.transform.rotate(titleSurf2, degrees2)
        rotatedRect2 = rotatedSurf2.get_rect()
        rotatedRect2.center = (WINDOWWIDTH / 2, WINDOWHEIGHT / 2)
        DISPLAYSURF.blit(rotatedSurf2, rotatedRect2)

        drawPressKeyMsg()

        if checkForKeyPress():
            pygame.event.get() # clear event queue
             return
        pygame.display.update()
        FPSCLOCK.tick(FPS)
        degrees1 += 3 # rotate by 3 degrees each frame
        degrees2 += 7 # rotate by 7 degrees each frame

def terminate():
    pygame.quit()
    sys.exit()

def getRandomLocation():
    return {'x': random.randint(0, CELLWIDTH - 1), 'y': random.randint(0, CELLHEIGHT - 1)}

def showGameOverScreen():
    gameOverFont = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 150)
    gameSurf = gameOverFont.render('Game', True, WHITE)
    overSurf = gameOverFont.render('Over', True, WHITE)
    gameRect = gameSurf.get_rect()
    overRect = overSurf.get_rect()
    gameRect.midtop = (WINDOWWIDTH / 2, 10)
    overRect.midtop = (WINDOWWIDTH / 2, gameRect.height + 10 + 25)

    DISPLAYSURF.blit(gameSurf, gameRect)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(overSurf, overRect)
    drawPressKeyMsg()
    pygame.display.update()
    pygame.time.wait(500)
    checkForKeyPress() # clear out any key presses in the event queue

    while True:
        if checkForKeyPress():
            pygame.event.get() # clear event queue
             return

def drawScore(score):
    scoreSurf = BASICFONT.render('Score: %s' % (score), True, WHITE)
    scoreRect = scoreSurf.get_rect()
    scoreRect.topleft = (WINDOWWIDTH - 120, 10)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(scoreSurf, scoreRect)

def drawWorm(wormCoords):
    for coord in wormCoords:
        x = coord['x'] * CELLSIZE
        y = coord['y'] * CELLSIZE
        wormSegmentRect = pygame.Rect(x, y, CELLSIZE, CELLSIZE)
        pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGREEN, wormSegmentRect)
        wormInnerSegmentRect = pygame.Rect(x + 4, y + 4, CELLSIZE - 8, CELLSIZE - 8)
        pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, GREEN, wormInnerSegmentRect)

def drawApple(coord):
    x = coord['x'] * CELLSIZE
    y = coord['y'] * CELLSIZE
    appleRect = pygame.Rect(x, y, CELLSIZE, CELLSIZE)
    pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, RED, appleRect)

def drawGrid():
    for x in range(0, WINDOWWIDTH, CELLSIZE): # draw vertical lines
        pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (x, 0), (x, WINDOWHEIGHT))
    for y in range(0, WINDOWHEIGHT, CELLSIZE): # draw horizontal lines
        pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (0, y), (WINDOWWIDTH, y))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

  # Wormy (a Nibbles clone)
  # By Al Sweigart [[email protected]](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection)
  # http://inventwithpython.com/pygame
  # Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 US

  import random, pygame, sys
  from pygame.locals import *

  FPS = 15
 WINDOWWIDTH = 640
 WINDOWHEIGHT = 480
 CELLSIZE = 20
 assert WINDOWWIDTH % CELLSIZE == 0, "Window width must be a multiple of cell size."
 assert WINDOWHEIGHT % CELLSIZE == 0, "Window height must be a multiple of cell size."
 CELLWIDTH = int(WINDOWWIDTH / CELLSIZE)
 CELLHEIGHT = int(WINDOWHEIGHT / CELLSIZE)

 #             R    G    B
 WHITE     = (255, 255, 255)
 BLACK     = (  0,   0,   0)
 RED       = (255,   0,   0)
 GREEN     = (  0, 255,   0)
 DARKGREEN = (  0, 155,   0)
 DARKGRAY  = ( 40,  40,  40)
 BGCOLOR = BLACK

 UP = 'up'
 DOWN = 'down'
 LEFT = 'left'
 RIGHT = 'right'

 HEAD = 0 # syntactic sugar: index of the worm's head

 def main():
     global FPSCLOCK, DISPLAYSURF, BASICFONT

     pygame.init()
     FPSCLOCK = pygame.time.Clock()
     DISPLAYSURF = pygame.display.set_mode((WINDOWWIDTH, WINDOWHEIGHT))
     BASICFONT = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 18)
     pygame.display.set_caption('Wormy')

     showStartScreen()
     while True:
         runGame()
         showGameOverScreen()

def runGame():
    # Set a random start point.
    startx = random.randint(5, CELLWIDTH - 6)
    starty = random.randint(5, CELLHEIGHT - 6)
    wormCoords = [{'x': startx,     'y': starty},
                  {'x': startx - 1, 'y': starty},
                  {'x': startx - 2, 'y': starty}]
    direction = RIGHT

    # Start the apple in a random place.
    apple = getRandomLocation()

    while True: # main game loop
        for event in pygame.event.get(): # event handling loop
            if event.type == QUIT:
                terminate()
            elif event.type == KEYDOWN:
                if (event.key == K_LEFT or event.key == K_a) and direction != RIGHT:
                    direction = LEFT
                elif (event.key == K_RIGHT or event.key == K_d) and direction != LEFT:
                    direction = RIGHT
                elif (event.key == K_UP or event.key == K_w) and direction != DOWN:
                    direction = UP
                elif (event.key == K_DOWN or event.key == K_s) and direction != UP:
                    direction = DOWN
                elif event.key == K_ESCAPE:
                    terminate()

        # check if the worm has hit itself or the edge
        if wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] == -1 or wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] == CELLWIDTH or wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] == -1 or wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] == CELLHEIGHT:
            return # game over
        for wormBody in wormCoords[1:]:
            if wormBody['x'] == wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] and wormBody['y'] == wormCoords[HEAD]['y']:
                return # game over

        # check if worm has eaten an apply
        if wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] == apple['x'] and wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] == apple['y']:
            # don't remove worm's tail segment
            apple = getRandomLocation() # set a new apple somewhere
        else:
            del wormCoords[-1] # remove worm's tail segment

        # move the worm by adding a segment in the direction it is moving
        if direction == UP:
            newHead = {'x': wormCoords[HEAD]['x'], 'y': wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] - 1}
        elif direction == DOWN:
            newHead = {'x': wormCoords[HEAD]['x'], 'y': wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] + 1}
        elif direction == LEFT:
            newHead = {'x': wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] - 1, 'y': wormCoords[HEAD]['y']}
        elif direction == RIGHT:
            newHead = {'x': wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] + 1, 'y': wormCoords[HEAD]['y']}
         wormCoords.insert(0, newHead)

>>> spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'bat']
>>> spam.insert(0, 'frog')
>>> spam
['frog', 'cat', 'dog', 'bat']
>>> spam.insert(10, 42)
>>> spam
['frog', 'cat', 'dog', 'bat', 42]
>>> spam.insert(2, 'horse')
>>> spam
['frog', 'cat', 'horse', 'dog', 'bat', 42]
>>> 

        DISPLAYSURF.fill(BGCOLOR)
         drawGrid()
        drawWorm(wormCoords)
        drawApple(apple)
        drawScore(len(wormCoords) - 3)
        pygame.display.update()
        FPSCLOCK.tick(FPS)

def drawPressKeyMsg():
    pressKeySurf = BASICFONT.render('Press a key to play.', True, DARKGRAY)
    pressKeyRect = pressKeySurf.get_rect()
    pressKeyRect.topleft = (WINDOWWIDTH - 200, WINDOWHEIGHT - 30)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(pressKeySurf, pressKeyRect)

def checkForKeyPress():
    if len(pygame.event.get(QUIT)) > 0:
        terminate()

    keyUpEvents = pygame.event.get(KEYUP)
     if len(keyUpEvents) == 0:
         return None
    if keyUpEvents[0].key == K_ESCAPE:
        terminate()
    return keyUpEvents[0].key

def showStartScreen():
    titleFont = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 100)
    titleSurf1 = titleFont.render('Wormy!', True, WHITE, DARKGREEN)
    titleSurf2 = titleFont.render('Wormy!', True, GREEN)

    degrees1 = 0
    degrees2 = 0
    while True:
        DISPLAYSURF.fill(BGCOLOR)

        rotatedSurf1 = pygame.transform.rotate(titleSurf1, degrees1)
        rotatedRect1 = rotatedSurf1.get_rect()
        rotatedRect1.center = (WINDOWWIDTH / 2, WINDOWHEIGHT / 2)
        DISPLAYSURF.blit(rotatedSurf1, rotatedRect1)

        rotatedSurf2 = pygame.transform.rotate(titleSurf2, degrees2)
        rotatedRect2 = rotatedSurf2.get_rect()
        rotatedRect2.center = (WINDOWWIDTH / 2, WINDOWHEIGHT / 2)
        DISPLAYSURF.blit(rotatedSurf2, rotatedRect2)

        drawPressKeyMsg()

        if checkForKeyPress():
            pygame.event.get() # clear event queue
             return
        pygame.display.update()
        FPSCLOCK.tick(FPS)

        degrees1 += 3 # rotate by 3 degrees each frame
        degrees2 += 7 # rotate by 7 degrees each frame

def terminate():
    pygame.quit()
    sys.exit()

def getRandomLocation():
    return {'x': random.randint(0, CELLWIDTH - 1), 'y': random.randint(0, CELLHEIGHT - 1)}

def showGameOverScreen():
    gameOverFont = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 150)
    gameSurf = gameOverFont.render('Game', True, WHITE)
    overSurf = gameOverFont.render('Over', True, WHITE)
    gameRect = gameSurf.get_rect()
    overRect = overSurf.get_rect()
    gameRect.midtop = (WINDOWWIDTH / 2, 10)
    overRect.midtop = (WINDOWWIDTH / 2, gameRect.height + 10 + 25)

    DISPLAYSURF.blit(gameSurf, gameRect)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(overSurf, overRect)
    drawPressKeyMsg()
    pygame.display.update()

    pygame.time.wait(500)
    checkForKeyPress() # clear out any key presses in the event queue

    while True:
        if checkForKeyPress():
            pygame.event.get() # clear event queue
             return

def drawScore(score):
    scoreSurf = BASICFONT.render('Score: %s' % (score), True, WHITE)
    scoreRect = scoreSurf.get_rect()
    scoreRect.topleft = (WINDOWWIDTH - 120, 10)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(scoreSurf, scoreRect)

def drawWorm(wormCoords):
    for coord in wormCoords:
        x = coord['x'] * CELLSIZE
        y = coord['y'] * CELLSIZE
        wormSegmentRect = pygame.Rect(x, y, CELLSIZE, CELLSIZE)
        pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGREEN, wormSegmentRect)
        wormInnerSegmentRect = pygame.Rect(x + 4, y + 4, CELLSIZE - 8, CELLSIZE - 8)
        pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, GREEN, wormInnerSegmentRect)

def drawApple(coord):
    x = coord['x'] * CELLSIZE
    y = coord['y'] * CELLSIZE
    appleRect = pygame.Rect(x, y, CELLSIZE, CELLSIZE)
    pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, RED, appleRect)

def drawGrid():
    for x in range(0, WINDOWWIDTH, CELLSIZE): # draw vertical lines
        pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (x, 0), (x, WINDOWHEIGHT))
    for y in range(0, WINDOWHEIGHT, CELLSIZE): # draw horizontal lines
        pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (0, y), (WINDOWWIDTH, y))

pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (0, 0), (0, WINDOWHEIGHT))
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (20, 0), (20, WINDOWHEIGHT))
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (40, 0), (40, WINDOWHEIGHT))
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (60, 0), (60, WINDOWHEIGHT))
...skipped for brevity...
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (560, 0), (560, WINDOWHEIGHT))
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (580, 0), (580, WINDOWHEIGHT))
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (600, 0), (600, WINDOWHEIGHT))
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (620, 0), (620, WINDOWHEIGHT))

pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (0, 0), (WINDOWWIDTH, 0))
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (0, 20), (WINDOWWIDTH, 20))
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (0, 40), (WINDOWWIDTH, 40))
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (0, 60), (WINDOWWIDTH, 60))
...skipped for brevity...
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (0, 400), (WINDOWWIDTH, 400))
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (0, 420), (WINDOWWIDTH, 420))
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (0, 440), (WINDOWWIDTH, 440))
pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (0, 460), (WINDOWWIDTH, 460))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

        wormSegmentRect = pygame.Rect(x, y, CELLSIZE, CELLSIZE)
        pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGREEN, wormSegmentRect)
        wormInnerSegmentRect = pygame.Rect(x + 4, y + 4, CELLSIZE - 8, CELLSIZE - 8)
        pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, GREEN, wormInnerSegmentRect)

        wormSegmentRect = pygame.Rect(x, y, CELLSIZE, CELLSIZE)
        pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGREEN, wormSegmentRect)
        wormSegmentRect = pygame.Rect(x + 4, y + 4, CELLSIZE - 8, CELLSIZE - 8)
        pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, GREEN, wormInnerSegmentRect)

  # Tetromino (a Tetris clone)
  # By Al Sweigart [[email protected]](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection)
  # http://inventwithpython.com/pygame
  # Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 US

  import random, time, pygame, sys
  from pygame.locals import *

  FPS = 25
 WINDOWWIDTH = 640
 WINDOWHEIGHT = 480
 BOXSIZE = 20
 BOARDWIDTH = 10
 BOARDHEIGHT = 20
 BLANK = '.'

MOVESIDEWAYSFREQ = 0.15
 MOVEDOWNFREQ = 0.1

XMARGIN = int((WINDOWWIDTH - BOARDWIDTH * BOXSIZE) / 2)
 TOPMARGIN = WINDOWHEIGHT - (BOARDHEIGHT * BOXSIZE) - 5

#               R    G    B
 WHITE       = (255, 255, 255)
 GRAY        = (185, 185, 185)
 BLACK       = (  0,   0,   0)
 RED         = (155,   0,   0)
 LIGHTRED    = (175,  20,  20)
 GREEN       = (  0, 155,   0)
 LIGHTGREEN  = ( 20, 175,  20)
 BLUE        = (  0,   0, 155)
 LIGHTBLUE   = ( 20,  20, 175)
 YELLOW      = (155, 155,   0)
 LIGHTYELLOW = (175, 175,  20)

 BORDERCOLOR = BLUE
 BGCOLOR = BLACK
 TEXTCOLOR = WHITE
 TEXTSHADOWCOLOR = GRAY
 COLORS      = (     BLUE,      GREEN,      RED,      YELLOW)
 LIGHTCOLORS = (LIGHTBLUE, LIGHTGREEN, LIGHTRED, LIGHTYELLOW)
 assert len(COLORS) == len(LIGHTCOLORS) # each color must have light color

TEMPLATEWIDTH = 5
 TEMPLATEHEIGHT = 5

 S_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['.....',
                      '.....',
                      '..OO.',
                      '.OO..',
                      '.....'],
                     ['.....',
                      '..O..',
                      '..OO.',
                      '...O.',
                      '.....']]

 Z_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['.....',
                      '.....',
                      '.OO..',
                      '..OO.',
                      '.....'],
                     ['.....',
                      '..O..',
                      '.OO..',
                      '.O...',
                      '.....']]

 I_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['..O..',
                      '..O..',
                      '..O..',
                      '..O..',
                      '.....'],
                     ['.....',
                      '.....',
                      'OOOO.',
                      '.....',
                      '.....']]

 O_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['.....',
                      '.....',
                      '.OO..',
                      '.OO..',
                      '.....']]

 J_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['.....',
                      '.O...',
                      '.OOO.',
                      '.....',
                      '.....'],
                     ['.....',
                      '..OO.',
                      '..O..',
                      '..O..',
                      '.....'],
                     ['.....',
                      '.....',
                      '.OOO.',
                      '...O.',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '..O..',
                     '..O..',
                     '.OO..',
                     '.....']]

L_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['.....',
                     '...O.',
                     '.OOO.',
                     '.....',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '..O..',
                     '..O..',
                     '..OO.',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '.....',
                     '.OOO.',
                     '.O...',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '.OO..',
                     '..O..',
                     '..O..',
                     '.....']]

T_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['.....',
                     '..O..',
                     '.OOO.',
                     '.....',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '..O..',
                     '..OO.',
                     '..O..',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '.....',
                     '.OOO.',
                     '..O..',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '..O..',
                     '.OO..',
                     '..O..',
                     '.....']]

SHAPES = {'S': S_SHAPE_TEMPLATE,
          'Z': Z_SHAPE_TEMPLATE,
          'J': J_SHAPE_TEMPLATE,
          'L': L_SHAPE_TEMPLATE,
          'I': I_SHAPE_TEMPLATE,
          'O': O_SHAPE_TEMPLATE,
          'T': T_SHAPE_TEMPLATE}

def main():
    global FPSCLOCK, DISPLAYSURF, BASICFONT, BIGFONT
    pygame.init()
    FPSCLOCK = pygame.time.Clock()
    DISPLAYSURF = pygame.display.set_mode((WINDOWWIDTH, WINDOWHEIGHT))
    BASICFONT = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 18)
    BIGFONT = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 100)
    pygame.display.set_caption('Tetromino')

    showTextScreen('Tetromino')
    while True: # game loop
        if random.randint(0, 1) == 0:
            pygame.mixer.music.load('tetrisb.mid')
        else:
            pygame.mixer.music.load('tetrisc.mid')
        pygame.mixer.music.play(-1, 0.0)
        runGame()
        pygame.mixer.music.stop()
        showTextScreen('Game Over')

def runGame():
    # setup variables for the start of the game
    board = getBlankBoard()
    lastMoveDownTime = time.time()
    lastMoveSidewaysTime = time.time()
    lastFallTime = time.time()
    movingDown = False # note: there is no movingUp variable
    movingLeft = False
    movingRight = False
    score = 0
    level, fallFreq = calculateLevelAndFallFreq(score)

    fallingPiece = getNewPiece()
    nextPiece = getNewPiece()

    while True: # main game loop
        if fallingPiece == None:
            # No falling piece in play, so start a new piece at the top
            fallingPiece = nextPiece
            nextPiece = getNewPiece()
            lastFallTime = time.time() # reset lastFallTime

            if not isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece):
                return # can't fit a new piece on the board, so game over

        checkForQuit()
        for event in pygame.event.get(): # event handling loop
            if event.type == KEYUP:
                if (event.key == K_p):
                    # Pausing the game
                    DISPLAYSURF.fill(BGCOLOR)
                    pygame.mixer.music.stop()
                    showTextScreen('Paused') # pause until a key press
                    pygame.mixer.music.play(-1, 0.0)
                    lastFallTime = time.time()
                    lastMoveDownTime = time.time()
                    lastMoveSidewaysTime = time.time()
                elif (event.key == K_LEFT or event.key == K_a):
                    movingLeft = False
                elif (event.key == K_RIGHT or event.key == K_d):
                    movingRight = False
                elif (event.key == K_DOWN or event.key == K_s):
                    movingDown = False

            elif event.type == KEYDOWN:
                # moving the block sideways
                if (event.key == K_LEFT or event.key == K_a) and isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjX=-1):
                    fallingPiece['x'] -= 1
                    movingLeft = True
                    movingRight = False
                    lastMoveSidewaysTime = time.time()

                elif (event.key == K_RIGHT or event.key == K_d) and isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjX=1):
                    fallingPiece['x'] += 1
                    movingRight = True
                    movingLeft = False
                    lastMoveSidewaysTime = time.time()

                # rotating the block (if there is room to rotate)
                elif (event.key == K_UP or event.key == K_w):
                    fallingPiece['rotation'] = (fallingPiece['rotation'] + 1) % len(SHAPES[fallingPiece['shape']])
                    if not isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece):
                        fallingPiece['rotation'] = (fallingPiece['rotation'] - 1) % len(SHAPES[fallingPiece['shape']])
                elif (event.key == K_q): # rotate the other direction
                    fallingPiece['rotation'] = (fallingPiece['rotation'] - 1) % len(SHAPES[fallingPiece['shape']])
                    if not isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece):
                        fallingPiece['rotation'] = (fallingPiece['rotation'] + 1) % len(SHAPES[fallingPiece['shape']])

                # making the block fall faster with the down key
                elif (event.key == K_DOWN or event.key == K_s):
                    movingDown = True
                    if isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjY=1):
                        fallingPiece['y'] += 1
                    lastMoveDownTime = time.time()

                # move the current block all the way down
                elif event.key == K_SPACE:
                    movingDown = False
                    movingLeft = False
                    movingRight = False
                    for i in range(1, BOARDHEIGHT):
                        if not isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjY=i):
                            break
                    fallingPiece['y'] += i - 1

        # handle moving the block because of user input
        if (movingLeft or movingRight) and time.time() - lastMoveSidewaysTime > MOVESIDEWAYSFREQ:
            if movingLeft and isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjX=-1):
                fallingPiece['x'] -= 1
            elif movingRight and isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjX=1):
                fallingPiece['x'] += 1
            lastMoveSidewaysTime = time.time()

        if movingDown and time.time() - lastMoveDownTime > MOVEDOWNFREQ and isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjY=1):
            fallingPiece['y'] += 1
            lastMoveDownTime = time.time()

        # let the piece fall if it is time to fall
        if time.time() - lastFallTime > fallFreq:
            # see if the piece has landed
            if not isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjY=1):
                # falling piece has landed, set it on the board
                addToBoard(board, fallingPiece)
                score += removeCompleteLines(board)
                level, fallFreq = calculateLevelAndFallFreq(score)
                fallingPiece = None
            else:
                # piece did not land, just move the block down
                fallingPiece['y'] += 1
                lastFallTime = time.time()

        # drawing everything on the screen
        DISPLAYSURF.fill(BGCOLOR)
        drawBoard(board)
        drawStatus(score, level)
        drawNextPiece(nextPiece)
        if fallingPiece != None:
            drawPiece(fallingPiece)

        pygame.display.update()
        FPSCLOCK.tick(FPS)

def makeTextObjs(text, font, color):
    surf = font.render(text, True, color)
    return surf, surf.get_rect()

def terminate():
    pygame.quit()
    sys.exit()

def checkForKeyPress():
    # Go through event queue looking for a KEYUP event.
    # Grab KEYDOWN events to remove them from the event queue.
    checkForQuit()

    for event in pygame.event.get([KEYDOWN, KEYUP]):
        if event.type == KEYDOWN:
            continue
        return event.key
    return None

def showTextScreen(text):
    # This function displays large text in the
    # center of the screen until a key is pressed.
    # Draw the text drop shadow
    titleSurf, titleRect = makeTextObjs(text, BIGFONT, TEXTSHADOWCOLOR)
    titleRect.center = (int(WINDOWWIDTH / 2), int(WINDOWHEIGHT / 2))
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(titleSurf, titleRect)

    # Draw the text
    titleSurf, titleRect = makeTextObjs(text, BIGFONT, TEXTCOLOR)
    titleRect.center = (int(WINDOWWIDTH / 2) - 3, int(WINDOWHEIGHT / 2) - 3)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(titleSurf, titleRect)

    # Draw the additional "Press a key to play." text.
    pressKeySurf, pressKeyRect = makeTextObjs('Press a key to play.', BASICFONT, TEXTCOLOR)
    pressKeyRect.center = (int(WINDOWWIDTH / 2), int(WINDOWHEIGHT / 2) + 100)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(pressKeySurf, pressKeyRect)

    while checkForKeyPress() == None:
        pygame.display.update()
        FPSCLOCK.tick()

def checkForQuit():
    for event in pygame.event.get(QUIT): # get all the QUIT events
        terminate() # terminate if any QUIT events are present
    for event in pygame.event.get(KEYUP): # get all the KEYUP events
        if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
            terminate() # terminate if the KEYUP event was for the Esc key
        pygame.event.post(event) # put the other KEYUP event objects back

def calculateLevelAndFallFreq(score):
    # Based on the score, return the level the player is on and
    # how many seconds pass until a falling piece falls one space.
    level = int(score / 10) + 1
    fallFreq = 0.27 - (level * 0.02)
return level, fallFreq

def getNewPiece():
    # return a random new piece in a random rotation and color
    shape = random.choice(list(SHAPES.keys()))
    newPiece = {'shape': shape,
                'rotation': random.randint(0, len(SHAPES[shape]) - 1),
                'x': int(BOARDWIDTH / 2) - int(TEMPLATEWIDTH / 2),
                'y': -2, # start it above the board (i.e. less than 0)
                'color': random.randint(0, len(COLORS)-1)}
    return newPiece

def addToBoard(board, piece):
    # fill in the board based on piece's location, shape, and rotation
    for x in range(TEMPLATEWIDTH):
        for y in range(TEMPLATEHEIGHT):
            if SHAPES[piece['shape']][piece['rotation']][y][x] != BLANK:
                board[x + piece['x']][y + piece['y']] = piece['color']

def getBlankBoard():
    # create and return a new blank board data structure
    board = []
    for i in range(BOARDWIDTH):
        board.append([BLANK] * BOARDHEIGHT)
    return board

def isOnBoard(x, y):
    return x >= 0 and x < BOARDWIDTH and y < BOARDHEIGHT

def isValidPosition(board, piece, adjX=0, adjY=0):
    # Return True if the piece is within the board and not colliding
    for x in range(TEMPLATEWIDTH):
        for y in range(TEMPLATEHEIGHT):
             isAboveBoard = y + piece['y'] + adjY < 0
            if isAboveBoard or SHAPES[piece['shape']][piece['rotation']][y][x] == BLANK:
                continue
            if not isOnBoard(x + piece['x'] + adjX, y + piece['y'] + adjY):
                return False
            if board[x + piece['x'] + adjX][y + piece['y'] + adjY] != BLANK:
                return False
    return True

def isCompleteLine(board, y):
    # Return True if the line filled with boxes with no gaps.
    for x in range(BOARDWIDTH):
        if board[x][y] == BLANK:
            return False
    return True

def removeCompleteLines(board):
    # Remove any completed lines on the board, move everything above them down, and return the number of complete lines.
    numLinesRemoved = 0
    y = BOARDHEIGHT - 1 # start y at the bottom of the board
    while y >= 0:
        if isCompleteLine(board, y):
            # Remove the line and pull boxes down by one line.
            for pullDownY in range(y, 0, -1):
                for x in range(BOARDWIDTH):
                    board[x][pullDownY] = board[x][pullDownY-1]
            # Set very top line to blank.
            for x in range(BOARDWIDTH):
                board[x][0] = BLANK
            numLinesRemoved += 1
            # Note on the next iteration of the loop, y is the same.
            # This is so that if the line that was pulled down is also
            # complete, it will be removed.
        else:
            y -= 1 # move on to check next row up
    return numLinesRemoved

def convertToPixelCoords(boxx, boxy):
    # Convert the given xy coordinates of the board to xy 
    # coordinates of the location on the screen.
    return (XMARGIN + (boxx * BOXSIZE)), (TOPMARGIN + (boxy * BOXSIZE))

def drawBox(boxx, boxy, color, pixelx=None, pixely=None):
    # draw a single box (each tetromino piece has four boxes)
    # at xy coordinates on the board. Or, if pixelx & pixely
    # are specified, draw to the pixel coordinates stored in
    # pixelx & pixely (this is used for the "Next" piece).
    if color == BLANK:
        return
    if pixelx == None and pixely == None:
        pixelx, pixely = convertToPixelCoords(boxx, boxy)
    pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, COLORS[color], (pixelx + 1, pixely + 1, BOXSIZE - 1, BOXSIZE - 1))
    pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, LIGHTCOLORS[color], (pixelx + 1, pixely + 1, BOXSIZE - 4, BOXSIZE - 4))

def drawBoard(board):
    # draw the border around the board
    pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, BORDERCOLOR, (XMARGIN - 3, TOPMARGIN - 7, (BOARDWIDTH * BOXSIZE) + 8, (BOARDHEIGHT * BOXSIZE) + 8), 5)

    # fill the background of the board
    pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, BGCOLOR, (XMARGIN, TOPMARGIN, BOXSIZE * BOARDWIDTH, BOXSIZE * BOARDHEIGHT))
    # draw the individual boxes on the board
    for x in range(BOARDWIDTH):
        for y in range(BOARDHEIGHT):
            drawBox(x, y, board[x][y])

def drawStatus(score, level):
    # draw the score text
    scoreSurf = BASICFONT.render('Score: %s' % score, True, TEXTCOLOR)
    scoreRect = scoreSurf.get_rect()
    scoreRect.topleft = (WINDOWWIDTH - 150, 20)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(scoreSurf, scoreRect)

    # draw the level text
    levelSurf = BASICFONT.render('Level: %s' % level, True, TEXTCOLOR)
    levelRect = levelSurf.get_rect()
    levelRect.topleft = (WINDOWWIDTH - 150, 50)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(levelSurf, levelRect)

def drawPiece(piece, pixelx=None, pixely=None):
    shapeToDraw = SHAPES[piece['shape']][piece['rotation']]
    if pixelx == None and pixely == None:
        # if pixelx & pixely hasn't been specified, use the location stored in the piece data structure
        pixelx, pixely = convertToPixelCoords(piece['x'], piece['y'])

    # draw each of the blocks that make up the piece
    for x in range(TEMPLATEWIDTH):
        for y in range(TEMPLATEHEIGHT):
            if shapeToDraw[y][x] != BLANK:
                drawBox(None, None, piece['color'], pixelx + (x * BOXSIZE), pixely + (y * BOXSIZE))

def drawNextPiece(piece):
    # draw the "next" text
    nextSurf = BASICFONT.render('Next:', True, TEXTCOLOR)
    nextRect = nextSurf.get_rect()
    nextRect.topleft = (WINDOWWIDTH - 120, 80)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(nextSurf, nextRect)
    # draw the "next" piece
    drawPiece(piece, pixelx=WINDOWWIDTH-120, pixely=100)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

  # Tetromino (a Tetris clone)
  # By Al Sweigart [[email protected]](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection)
  # http://inventwithpython.com/pygame
  # Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 US

  import random, time, pygame, sys
  from pygame.locals import *

  FPS = 25
 WINDOWWIDTH = 640
 WINDOWHEIGHT = 480
 BOXSIZE = 20
 BOARDWIDTH = 10
 BOARDHEIGHT = 20
 BLANK = '.'

 MOVESIDEWAYSFREQ = 0.15
 MOVEDOWNFREQ = 0.1

 XMARGIN = int((WINDOWWIDTH - BOARDWIDTH * BOXSIZE) / 2)
 TOPMARGIN = WINDOWHEIGHT - (BOARDHEIGHT * BOXSIZE) - 5

 #               R    G    B
 WHITE       = (255, 255, 255)
 GRAY        = (185, 185, 185)
 BLACK       = (  0,   0,   0)
 RED         = (155,   0,   0)
 LIGHTRED    = (175,  20,  20)
 GREEN       = (  0, 155,   0)
 LIGHTGREEN  = ( 20, 175,  20)
 BLUE        = (  0,   0, 155)
 LIGHTBLUE   = ( 20,  20, 175)
 YELLOW      = (155, 155,   0)
 LIGHTYELLOW = (175, 175,  20)

 BORDERCOLOR = BLUE
 BGCOLOR = BLACK
 TEXTCOLOR = WHITE
 TEXTSHADOWCOLOR = GRAY
 COLORS      = (     BLUE,      GREEN,      RED,      YELLOW)
 LIGHTCOLORS = (LIGHTBLUE, LIGHTGREEN, LIGHTRED, LIGHTYELLOW)
 assert len(COLORS) == len(LIGHTCOLORS) # each color must have light color

 TEMPLATEWIDTH = 5
 TEMPLATEHEIGHT = 5

 S_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['.....',
                      '.....',
                      '..OO.',
                      '.OO..',
                      '.....'],
                     ['.....',
                      '..O..',
                      '..OO.',
                      '...O.',
                      '.....']]

 Z_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['.....',
                      '.....',
                      '.OO..',
                      '..OO.',
                      '.....'],
                     ['.....',
                      '..O..',
                      '.OO..',
                      '.O...',
                      '.....']]

 I_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['..O..',
                      '..O..',
                      '..O..',
                      '..O..',
                      '.....'],
                     ['.....',
                      '.....',
                      'OOOO.',
                      '.....',
                      '.....']]

 O_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['.....',
                      '.....',
                      '.OO..',
                      '.OO..',
                      '.....']]

 J_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['.....',
                      '.O...',
                      '.OOO.',
                      '.....',
                      '.....'],
                     ['.....',
                      '..OO.',
                      '..O..',
                      '..O..',
                      '.....'],
                     ['.....',
                      '.....',
                      '.OOO.',
                      '...O.',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '..O..',
                     '..O..',
                     '.OO..',
                     '.....']]

L_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['.....',
                     '...O.',
                     '.OOO.',
                     '.....',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '..O..',
                     '..O..',
                     '..OO.',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '.....',
                     '.OOO.',
                     '.O...',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '.OO..',
                     '..O..',
                     '..O..',
                     '.....']]

T_SHAPE_TEMPLATE = [['.....',
                     '..O..',
                     '.OOO.',
                     '.....',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '..O..',
                     '..OO.',
                     '..O..',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '.....',
                     '.OOO.',
                     '..O..',
                     '.....'],
                    ['.....',
                     '..O..',
                     '.OO..',
                     '..O..',
                     '.....']]

['.....',
 '.....',
 '..OO.',
 '.OO..',
 '.....']

spam = ['hello', 3.14, 'world', 42, 10, 'fuzz']
eggs = ['hello', 3.14,
   'world'
         , 42,
       10, 'fuzz']

S_SHAPE_TEMPLATE[0][2][2] == 'O'
S_SHAPE_TEMPLATE[0][2][3] == 'O'
S_SHAPE_TEMPLATE[0][3][1] == 'O'
S_SHAPE_TEMPLATE[0][3][2] == 'O'

SHAPES = {'S': S_SHAPE_TEMPLATE,
          'Z': Z_SHAPE_TEMPLATE,
          'J': J_SHAPE_TEMPLATE,
          'L': L_SHAPE_TEMPLATE,
          'I': I_SHAPE_TEMPLATE,
          'O': O_SHAPE_TEMPLATE,
          'T': T_SHAPE_TEMPLATE}

def main():
    global FPSCLOCK, DISPLAYSURF, BASICFONT, BIGFONT
    pygame.init()
    FPSCLOCK = pygame.time.Clock()
    DISPLAYSURF = pygame.display.set_mode((WINDOWWIDTH, WINDOWHEIGHT))
    BASICFONT = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 18)
    BIGFONT = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 100)
    pygame.display.set_caption('Tetromino')

    showTextScreen('Tetromino')

    while True: # game loop
        if random.randint(0, 1) == 0:
            pygame.mixer.music.load('tetrisb.mid')
        else:
            pygame.mixer.music.load('tetrisc.mid')
        pygame.mixer.music.play(-1, 0.0)
        runGame()
        pygame.mixer.music.stop()
        showTextScreen('Game Over')

def runGame():
    # setup variables for the start of the game
    board = getBlankBoard()
    lastMoveDownTime = time.time()
    lastMoveSidewaysTime = time.time()
    lastFallTime = time.time()
    movingDown = False # note: there is no movingUp variable
    movingLeft = False
    movingRight = False
    score = 0
    level, fallFreq = calculateLevelAndFallFreq(score)

    fallingPiece = getNewPiece()
    nextPiece = getNewPiece()

    while True: # main game loop
        if fallingPiece == None:
            # No falling piece in play, so start a new piece at the top
            fallingPiece = nextPiece
            nextPiece = getNewPiece()
            lastFallTime = time.time() # reset lastFallTime

            if not isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece):
                return # can't fit a new piece on the board, so game over

        checkForQuit()

        for event in pygame.event.get(): # event handling loop
            if event.type == KEYUP:

                if (event.key == K_p):
                    # Pausing the game
                    DISPLAYSURF.fill(BGCOLOR)
                    pygame.mixer.music.stop()
                    showTextScreen('Paused') # pause until a key press
                    pygame.mixer.music.play(-1, 0.0)
                    lastFallTime = time.time()
                    lastMoveDownTime = time.time()
                    lastMoveSidewaysTime = time.time()

                elif (event.key == K_LEFT or event.key == K_a):
                    movingLeft = False
                elif (event.key == K_RIGHT or event.key == K_d):
                    movingRight = False
                elif (event.key == K_DOWN or event.key == K_s):
                    movingDown = False

            elif event.type == KEYDOWN:
                # moving the block sideways
                if (event.key == K_LEFT or event.key == K_a) and isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjX=-1):
                    fallingPiece['x'] -= 1
                    movingLeft = True
                    movingRight = False
                    lastMoveSidewaysTime = time.time()

                elif (event.key == K_RIGHT or event.key == K_d) and isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjX=1):
                    fallingPiece['x'] += 1
                    movingRight = True
                    movingLeft = False
                    lastMoveSidewaysTime = time.time()

                # rotating the block (if there is room to rotate)
                elif (event.key == K_UP or event.key == K_w):
                    fallingPiece['rotation'] = (fallingPiece['rotation'] + 1) % len(SHAPES[fallingPiece['shape']])

>>> 0 % 4
0
>>> 1 % 4
1
>>> 2 % 4
2
>>> 3 % 4
3
>>> 5 % 4
1
>>> 6 % 4
2
>>> 7 % 4
3
>>> 8 % 4
0
>>> 

                    if not isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece):
                        fallingPiece['rotation'] = (fallingPiece['rotation'] - 1) % len(SHAPES[fallingPiece['shape']])

>>> -1 % 4
3

                elif (event.key == K_q): # rotate the other direction
                    fallingPiece['rotation'] = (fallingPiece['rotation'] - 1) % len(SHAPES[fallingPiece['shape']])
                    if not isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece):
                        fallingPiece['rotation'] = (fallingPiece['rotation'] + 1) % len(SHAPES[fallingPiece['shape']])

                # making the block fall faster with the down key
                elif (event.key == K_DOWN or event.key == K_s):
                    movingDown = True
                    if isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjY=1):
                        fallingPiece['y'] += 1
                    lastMoveDownTime = time.time()

                # move the current block all the way down
                elif event.key == K_SPACE:
                    movingDown = False
                    movingLeft = False
                    movingRight = False
                    for i in range(1, BOARDHEIGHT):
                        if not isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjY=i):
                            break
                    fallingPiece['y'] += i - 1

        # handle moving the block because of user input
        if (movingLeft or movingRight) and time.time() - lastMoveSidewaysTime > MOVESIDEWAYSFREQ:
            if movingLeft and isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjX=-1):
                fallingPiece['x'] -= 1
            elif movingRight and isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjX=1):
                fallingPiece['x'] += 1
            lastMoveSidewaysTime = time.time()

import time

WAITTIME = 4
begin = time.time()

while True:
    now = time.time()
    message = '%s, %s, %s' % (begin, now, (now - begin))
    if now - begin > WAITTIME:
        print(message + ' PASSED WAIT TIME!')
    else:
        print(message + ' Not yet...')
    time.sleep(0.2)

1322106392.2, 1322106392.2, 0.0 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106392.42, 0.219000101089 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106392.65, 0.449000120163 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106392.88, 0.680999994278 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106393.11, 0.910000085831 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106393.34, 1.1400001049 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106393.57, 1.3710000515 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106393.83, 1.6360001564 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106394.05, 1.85199999809 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106394.28, 2.08000016212 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106394.51, 2.30900001526 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106394.74, 2.54100012779 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106394.97, 2.76999998093 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106395.2, 2.99800014496 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106395.42, 3.22699999809 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106395.65, 3.45600008965 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106395.89, 3.69200015068 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106396.12, 3.92100000381 Not yet...
1322106392.2, 1322106396.35, 4.14899992943 PASSED WAIT TIME!
1322106392.2, 1322106396.58, 4.3789999485 PASSED WAIT TIME!
1322106392.2, 1322106396.81, 4.60700011253 PASSED WAIT TIME!
1322106392.2, 1322106397.04, 4.83700013161 PASSED WAIT TIME!
1322106392.2, 1322106397.26, 5.06500005722 PASSED WAIT TIME!
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\timetest.py", line 13, in <module>
    time.sleep(0.2)
KeyboardInterrupt

        if movingDown and time.time() - lastMoveDownTime > MOVEDOWNFREQ and isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjY=1):
            fallingPiece['y'] += 1
            lastMoveDownTime = time.time()

        # let the piece fall if it is time to fall
        if time.time() - lastFallTime > fallFreq:
            # see if the piece has landed
            if not isValidPosition(board, fallingPiece, adjY=1):
                # falling piece has landed, set it on the board
                addToBoard(board, fallingPiece)
                score += removeCompleteLines(board)
                level, fallFreq = calculateLevelAndFallFreq(score)
                fallingPiece = None
            else:
                # piece did not land, just move the block down
                fallingPiece['y'] += 1
                lastFallTime = time.time()

        # drawing everything on the screen
        DISPLAYSURF.fill(BGCOLOR)
        drawBoard(board)
        drawStatus(score, level)
        drawNextPiece(nextPiece)
        if fallingPiece != None:
            drawPiece(fallingPiece)

        pygame.display.update()
        FPSCLOCK.tick(FPS)

def makeTextObjs(text, font, color):
    surf = font.render(text, True, color)
    return surf, surf.get_rect()

def terminate():
    pygame.quit()
    sys.exit()

def checkForKeyPress():
    # Go through event queue looking for a KEYUP event.
    # Grab KEYDOWN events to remove them from the event queue.
    checkForQuit()

    for event in pygame.event.get([KEYDOWN, KEYUP]):
        if event.type == KEYDOWN:
            continue
        return event.key
    return None

def showTextScreen(text):
    # This function displays large text in the
    # center of the screen until a key is pressed.
    # Draw the text drop shadow
    titleSurf, titleRect = makeTextObjs(text, BIGFONT, TEXTSHADOWCOLOR)
    titleRect.center = (int(WINDOWWIDTH / 2), int(WINDOWHEIGHT / 2))
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(titleSurf, titleRect)

    # Draw the text
    titleSurf, titleRect = makeTextObjs(text, BIGFONT, TEXTCOLOR)
    titleRect.center = (int(WINDOWWIDTH / 2) - 3, int(WINDOWHEIGHT / 2) - 3)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(titleSurf, titleRect)

    # Draw the additional "Press a key to play." text.
    pressKeySurf, pressKeyRect = makeTextObjs('Press a key to play.', BASICFONT, TEXTCOLOR)
    pressKeyRect.center = (int(WINDOWWIDTH / 2), int(WINDOWHEIGHT / 2) + 100)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(pressKeySurf, pressKeyRect)

    while checkForKeyPress() == None:
        pygame.display.update()
        FPSCLOCK.tick()

def checkForQuit():
    for event in pygame.event.get(QUIT): # get all the QUIT events
        terminate() # terminate if any QUIT events are present
    for event in pygame.event.get(KEYUP): # get all the KEYUP events
        if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
            terminate() # terminate if the KEYUP event was for the Esc key
        pygame.event.post(event) # put the other KEYUP event objects back

def calculateLevelAndFallFreq(score):
    # Based on the score, return the level the player is on and
    # how many seconds pass until a falling piece falls one space.
    level = int(score / 10) + 1
    fallFreq = 0.27 - (level * 0.02)
return level, fallFreq

    fallFreq = 0.27 - (level * 0.01)

def getNewPiece():
    # return a random new piece in a random rotation and color
    shape = random.choice(list(SHAPES.keys()))
    newPiece = {'shape': shape,
                'rotation': random.randint(0, len(SHAPES[shape]) - 1),
                'x': int(BOARDWIDTH / 2) - int(TEMPLATEWIDTH / 2),
                'y': -2, # start it above the board (i.e. less than 0)
                'color': random.randint(0, len(COLORS)-1)}
    return newPiece

def addToBoard(board, piece):
    # fill in the board based on piece's location, shape, and rotation
    for x in range(TEMPLATEWIDTH):
        for y in range(TEMPLATEHEIGHT):
            if SHAPES[piece['shape']][piece['rotation']][y][x] != BLANK:
                board[x + piece['x']][y + piece['y']] = piece['color']

def getBlankBoard():
    # create and return a new blank board data structure
    board = []
    for i in range(BOARDWIDTH):
        board.append([BLANK] * BOARDHEIGHT)
    return board

def isOnBoard(x, y):
    return x >= 0 and x < BOARDWIDTH and y < BOARDHEIGHT

def isValidPosition(board, piece, adjX=0, adjY=0):
    # Return True if the piece is within the board and not colliding
    for x in range(TEMPLATEWIDTH):
        for y in range(TEMPLATEHEIGHT):
             isAboveBoard = y + piece['y'] + adjY < 0
            if isAboveBoard or SHAPES[piece['shape']][piece['rotation']][y][x] == BLANK:
                continue

            if not isOnBoard(x + piece['x'] + adjX, y + piece['y'] + adjY):
                return False
            if board[x + piece['x'] + adjX][y + piece['y'] + adjY] != BLANK:
                return False
    return True

def isCompleteLine(board, y):
    # Return True if the line filled with boxes with no gaps.
    for x in range(BOARDWIDTH):
        if board[x][y] == BLANK:
            return False
    return True

def removeCompleteLines(board):
    # Remove any completed lines on the board, move everything above them down, and return the number of complete lines.
    numLinesRemoved = 0
    y = BOARDHEIGHT - 1 # start y at the bottom of the board
    while y >= 0:

        if isCompleteLine(board, y):
            # Remove the line and pull boxes down by one line.
            for pullDownY in range(y, 0, -1):
                for x in range(BOARDWIDTH):
                    board[x][pullDownY] = board[x][pullDownY-1]
            # Set very top line to blank.
            for x in range(BOARDWIDTH):
                board[x][0] = BLANK
            numLinesRemoved += 1
            # Note on the next iteration of the loop, y is the same.
            # This is so that if the line that was pulled down is also
            # complete, it will be removed.
        else:
            y -= 1 # move on to check next row up
    return numLinesRemoved

def convertToPixelCoords(boxx, boxy):
    # Convert the given xy coordinates of the board to xy 
    # coordinates of the location on the screen.
    return (XMARGIN + (boxx * BOXSIZE)), (TOPMARGIN + (boxy * BOXSIZE))

def drawBox(boxx, boxy, color, pixelx=None, pixely=None):
    # draw a single box (each tetromino piece has four boxes)
    # at xy coordinates on the board. Or, if pixelx & pixely
    # are specified, draw to the pixel coordinates stored in
    # pixelx & pixely (this is used for the "Next" piece).
    if color == BLANK:
        return
    if pixelx == None and pixely == None:
        pixelx, pixely = convertToPixelCoords(boxx, boxy)
    pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, COLORS[color], (pixelx + 1, pixely + 1, BOXSIZE - 1, BOXSIZE - 1))
    pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, LIGHTCOLORS[color], (pixelx + 1, pixely + 1, BOXSIZE - 4, BOXSIZE - 4))

def drawBoard(board):
    # draw the border around the board
    pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, BORDERCOLOR, (XMARGIN - 3, TOPMARGIN - 7, (BOARDWIDTH * BOXSIZE) + 8, (BOARDHEIGHT * BOXSIZE) + 8), 5)

    # fill the background of the board
    pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, BGCOLOR, (XMARGIN, TOPMARGIN, BOXSIZE * BOARDWIDTH, BOXSIZE * BOARDHEIGHT))
    # draw the individual boxes on the board
    for x in range(BOARDWIDTH):
        for y in range(BOARDHEIGHT):
            drawBox(x, y, board[x][y])

def drawStatus(score, level):
    # draw the score text
    scoreSurf = BASICFONT.render('Score: %s' % score, True, TEXTCOLOR)
    scoreRect = scoreSurf.get_rect()
    scoreRect.topleft = (WINDOWWIDTH - 150, 20)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(scoreSurf, scoreRect)

    # draw the level text
    levelSurf = BASICFONT.render('Level: %s' % level, True, TEXTCOLOR)
    levelRect = levelSurf.get_rect()
    levelRect.topleft = (WINDOWWIDTH - 150, 50)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(levelSurf, levelRect)

def drawPiece(piece, pixelx=None, pixely=None):
    shapeToDraw = SHAPES[piece['shape']][piece['rotation']]
    if pixelx == None and pixely == None:
        # if pixelx & pixely hasn't been specified, use the location stored in the piece data structure
        pixelx, pixely = convertToPixelCoords(piece['x'], piece['y'])

    # draw each of the blocks that make up the piece
    for x in range(TEMPLATEWIDTH):
        for y in range(TEMPLATEHEIGHT):
            if shapeToDraw[y][x] != BLANK:
                drawBox(None, None, piece['color'], pixelx + (x * BOXSIZE), pixely + (y * BOXSIZE))

def drawNextPiece(piece):
    # draw the "next" text
    nextSurf = BASICFONT.render('Next:', True, TEXTCOLOR)
    nextRect = nextSurf.get_rect()
    nextRect.topleft = (WINDOWWIDTH - 120, 80)
    DISPLAYSURF.blit(nextSurf, nextRect)
    # draw the "next" piece
    drawPiece(piece, pixelx=WINDOWWIDTH-120, pixely=100)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

  # Squirrel Eat Squirrel (a 2D Katamari Damacy clone)
  # By Al Sweigart [[email protected]](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection)
  # http://inventwithpython.com/pygame
  # Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 US

  import random, sys, time, math, pygame
  from pygame.locals import *

  FPS = 30 # frames per second to update the screen
 WINWIDTH = 640 # width of the program's window, in pixels
 WINHEIGHT = 480 # height in pixels
 HALF_WINWIDTH = int(WINWIDTH / 2)
 HALF_WINHEIGHT = int(WINHEIGHT / 2)

 GRASSCOLOR = (24, 255, 0)
 WHITE = (255, 255, 255)
 RED = (255, 0, 0)

CAMERASLACK = 90     # how far from the center the squirrel moves before moving the camera
MOVERATE = 9         # how fast the player moves
 BOUNCERATE = 6       # how fast the player bounces (large is slower)
 BOUNCEHEIGHT = 30    # how high the player bounces
 STARTSIZE = 25       # how big the player starts off
 WINSIZE = 300        # how big the player needs to be to win
 INVULNTIME = 2       # how long the player is invulnerable after being hit in seconds
 GAMEOVERTIME = 4     # how long the "game over" text stays on the screen in seconds
 MAXHEALTH = 3        # how much health the player starts with

 NUMGRASS = 80        # number of grass objects in the active area
 NUMSQUIRRELS = 30    # number of squirrels in the active area
 SQUIRRELMINSPEED = 3 # slowest squirrel speed
 SQUIRRELMAXSPEED = 7 # fastest squirrel speed
 DIRCHANGEFREQ = 2    # % chance of direction change per frame
 LEFT = 'left'
 RIGHT = 'right'

"""
 This program has three data structures to represent the player, enemy squirrels, and grass background objects. The data structures are dictionaries with the following keys:

 Keys used by all three data structures:
     'x' - the left edge coordinate of the object in the game world (not a pixel coordinate on the screen)
     'y' - the top edge coordinate of the object in the game world (not a pixel coordinate on the screen)
     'rect' - the pygame.Rect object representing where on the screen the object is located.
 Player data structure keys:
     'surface' - the pygame.Surface object that stores the image of the squirrel which will be drawn to the screen.
     'facing' - either set to LEFT or RIGHT, stores which direction the player is facing.
     'size' - the width and height of the player in pixels. (The width & height are always the same.)
     'bounce' - represents at what point in a bounce the player is in. 0 means standing (no bounce), up to BOUNCERATE (the completion of the bounce)
     'health' - an integer showing how many more times the player can be hit by a larger squirrel before dying.
 Enemy Squirrel data structure keys:
     'surface' - the pygame.Surface object that stores the image of the squirrel which will be drawn to the screen.
     'movex' - how many pixels per frame the squirrel moves horizontally. A negative integer is moving to the left, a positive to the right.
     'movey' - how many pixels per frame the squirrel moves vertically. A negative integer is moving up, a positive moving down.
     'width' - the width of the squirrel's image, in pixels
     'height' - the height of the squirrel's image, in pixels
     'bounce' - represents at what point in a bounce the player is in. 0 means standing (no bounce), up to BOUNCERATE (the completion of the bounce)
     'bouncerate' - how quickly the squirrel bounces. A lower number means a quicker bounce.
     'bounceheight' - how high (in pixels) the squirrel bounces
 Grass data structure keys:
     'grassImage' - an integer that refers to the index of the pygame.Surface object in GRASSIMAGES used for this grass object
 """

def main():
     global FPSCLOCK, DISPLAYSURF, BASICFONT, L_SQUIR_IMG, R_SQUIR_IMG, GRASSIMAGES

     pygame.init()
     FPSCLOCK = pygame.time.Clock()
     pygame.display.set_icon(pygame.image.load('gameicon.png'))
     DISPLAYSURF = pygame.display.set_mode((WINWIDTH, WINHEIGHT))
     pygame.display.set_caption('Squirrel Eat Squirrel')
     BASICFONT = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 32)

    # load the image files
     L_SQUIR_IMG = pygame.image.load('squirrel.png')
     R_SQUIR_IMG = pygame.transform.flip(L_SQUIR_IMG, True, False)
     GRASSIMAGES = []
     for i in range(1, 5):
         GRASSIMAGES.append(pygame.image.load('grass%s.png' % i))

    while True:
         runGame()

def runGame():
     # set up variables for the start of a new game
     invulnerableMode = False  # if the player is invulnerable
     invulnerableStartTime = 0 # time the player became invulnerable
     gameOverMode = False      # if the player has lost
     gameOverStartTime = 0     # time the player lost
     winMode = False           # if the player has won

    # create the surfaces to hold game text
     gameOverSurf = BASICFONT.render('Game Over', True, WHITE)
     gameOverRect = gameOverSurf.get_rect()
     gameOverRect.center = (HALF_WINWIDTH, HALF_WINHEIGHT)

     winSurf = BASICFONT.render('You have achieved OMEGA SQUIRREL!', True, WHITE)
     winRect = winSurf.get_rect()
     winRect.center = (HALF_WINWIDTH, HALF_WINHEIGHT)

    winSurf2 = BASICFONT.render('(Press "r" to restart.)', True, WHITE)
    winRect2 = winSurf2.get_rect()
    winRect2.center = (HALF_WINWIDTH, HALF_WINHEIGHT + 30)

    # camerax and cameray are where the middle of the camera view is
    camerax = 0
    cameray = 0

    grassObjs = []    # stores all the grass objects in the game
    squirrelObjs = [] # stores all the non-player squirrel objects
    # stores the player object:
    playerObj = {'surface': pygame.transform.scale(L_SQUIR_IMG, (STARTSIZE, STARTSIZE)),
                 'facing': LEFT,
                 'size': STARTSIZE,
                 'x': HALF_WINWIDTH,
                 'y': HALF_WINHEIGHT,
                 'bounce':0,
                 'health': MAXHEALTH}

    moveLeft  = False
    moveRight = False
    moveUp    = False
    moveDown  = False

    # start off with some random grass images on the screen
    for i in range(10):
        grassObjs.append(makeNewGrass(camerax, cameray))
        grassObjs[i]['x'] = random.randint(0, WINWIDTH)
        grassObjs[i]['y'] = random.randint(0, WINHEIGHT)

    while True: # main game loop
        # Check if we should turn off invulnerability
        if invulnerableMode and time.time() - invulnerableStartTime > INVULNTIME:
            invulnerableMode = False

        # move all the squirrels
        for sObj in squirrelObjs:
            # move the squirrel, and adjust for their bounce
            sObj['x'] += sObj['movex']
            sObj['y'] += sObj['movey']
            sObj['bounce'] += 1
            if sObj['bounce'] > sObj['bouncerate']:
                sObj['bounce'] = 0 # reset bounce amount

            # random chance they change direction
            if random.randint(0, 99) < DIRCHANGEFREQ:
                sObj['movex'] = getRandomVelocity()
                sObj['movey'] = getRandomVelocity()
                if sObj['movex'] > 0: # faces right
                    sObj['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(R_SQUIR_IMG, (sObj['width'], sObj['height']))
                else: # faces left
                    sObj['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(L_SQUIR_IMG, (sObj['width'], sObj['height']))

        # go through all the objects and see if any need to be deleted.
        for i in range(len(grassObjs) - 1, -1, -1):
            if isOutsideActiveArea(camerax, cameray, grassObjs[i]):
                del grassObjs[i]
        for i in range(len(squirrelObjs) - 1, -1, -1):
            if isOutsideActiveArea(camerax, cameray, squirrelObjs[i]):
                del squirrelObjs[i]

        # add more grass & squirrels if we don't have enough.
        while len(grassObjs) < NUMGRASS:
            grassObjs.append(makeNewGrass(camerax, cameray))
        while len(squirrelObjs) < NUMSQUIRRELS:
            squirrelObjs.append(makeNewSquirrel(camerax, cameray))

        # adjust camerax and cameray if beyond the "camera slack"
        playerCenterx = playerObj['x'] + int(playerObj['size'] / 2)
        playerCentery = playerObj['y'] + int(playerObj['size'] / 2)
         if (camerax + HALF_WINWIDTH) - playerCenterx > CAMERASLACK:
             camerax = playerCenterx + CAMERASLACK - HALF_WINWIDTH
         elif playerCenterx – (camerax + HALF_WINWIDTH) > CAMERASLACK:
             camerax = playerCenterx – CAMERASLACK - HALF_WINWIDTH
         if (cameray + HALF_WINHEIGHT) - playerCentery > CAMERASLACK:
             cameray = playerCentery + CAMERASLACK - HALF_WINHEIGHT
         elif playerCentery – (cameray + HALF_WINHEIGHT) > CAMERASLACK:
             cameray = playerCentery – CAMERASLACK - HALF_WINHEIGHT

        # draw the green background
        DISPLAYSURF.fill(GRASSCOLOR)

        # draw all the grass objects on the screen
        for gObj in grassObjs:
            gRect = pygame.Rect( (gObj['x'] - camerax,
                                  gObj['y'] - cameray,
                                  gObj['width'],
                                  gObj['height']) )
            DISPLAYSURF.blit(GRASSIMAGES[gObj['grassImage']], gRect)

        # draw the other squirrels
        for sObj in squirrelObjs:
            sObj['rect'] = pygame.Rect( (sObj['x'] - camerax,
                                         sObj['y'] - cameray - getBounceAmount(sObj['bounce'], sObj['bouncerate'], sObj['bounceheight']),
                                         sObj['width'],
                                         sObj['height']) )
            DISPLAYSURF.blit(sObj['surface'], sObj['rect'])

        # draw the player squirrel
        flashIsOn = round(time.time(), 1) * 10 % 2 == 1
        if not gameOverMode and not (invulnerableMode and flashIsOn):
            playerObj['rect'] = pygame.Rect( (playerObj['x'] - camerax,
                                              playerObj['y'] – cameray - getBounceAmount(playerObj['bounce'], BOUNCERATE, BOUNCEHEIGHT),
                                              playerObj['size'],
                                              playerObj['size']) )
            DISPLAYSURF.blit(playerObj['surface'], playerObj['rect'])

        # draw the health meter
        drawHealthMeter(playerObj['health'])

        for event in pygame.event.get(): # event handling loop
            if event.type == QUIT:
                terminate()

            elif event.type == KEYDOWN:
                if event.key in (K_UP, K_w):
                    moveDown = False
                    moveUp = True
                elif event.key in (K_DOWN, K_s):
                    moveUp = False
                    moveDown = True
                elif event.key in (K_LEFT, K_a):
                    moveRight = False
                    moveLeft = True
                    if playerObj['facing'] == RIGHT: # change player image
                        playerObj['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(L_SQUIR_IMG, (playerObj['size'], playerObj['size']))
                    playerObj['facing'] = LEFT
                elif event.key in (K_RIGHT, K_d):
                    moveLeft = False
                    moveRight = True
                    if playerObj['facing'] == LEFT: # change player image
                        playerObj['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(R_SQUIR_IMG, (playerObj['size'], playerObj['size']))
                    playerObj['facing'] = RIGHT
                elif winMode and event.key == K_r:
                    return

            elif event.type == KEYUP:
                # stop moving the player's squirrel
                if event.key in (K_LEFT, K_a):
                    moveLeft = False
                elif event.key in (K_RIGHT, K_d):
                    moveRight = False
                elif event.key in (K_UP, K_w):
                    moveUp = False
                elif event.key in (K_DOWN, K_s):
                    moveDown = False

                elif event.key == K_ESCAPE:
                    terminate()

        if not gameOverMode:
            # actually move the player
            if moveLeft:
                playerObj['x'] -= MOVERATE
            if moveRight:
                playerObj['x'] += MOVERATE
            if moveUp:
                playerObj['y'] -= MOVERATE
            if moveDown:
                playerObj['y'] += MOVERATE

            if (moveLeft or moveRight or moveUp or moveDown) or playerObj['bounce'] != 0:
                playerObj['bounce'] += 1

            if playerObj['bounce'] > BOUNCERATE:
                playerObj['bounce'] = 0 # reset bounce amount

            # check if the player has collided with any squirrels
            for i in range(len(squirrelObjs)-1, -1, -1):
                sqObj = squirrelObjs[i]
                if 'rect' in sqObj and playerObj['rect'].colliderect(sqObj['rect']):
                    # a player/squirrel collision has occurred
277.
                    if sqObj['width'] * sqObj['height'] <= playerObj['size']**2:
                        # player is larger and eats the squirrel
                        playerObj['size'] += int( (sqObj['width'] * sqObj['height'])**0.2 ) + 1
                        del squirrelObjs[i]

                        if playerObj['facing'] == LEFT:
                            playerObj['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(L_SQUIR_IMG, (playerObj['size'], playerObj['size']))
                        if playerObj['facing'] == RIGHT:
                            playerObj['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(R_SQUIR_IMG, (playerObj['size'], playerObj['size']))

                        if playerObj['size'] > WINSIZE:
                            winMode = True # turn on "win mode"

                    elif not invulnerableMode:
                        # player is smaller and takes damage
                        invulnerableMode = True
                        invulnerableStartTime = time.time()
                        playerObj['health'] -= 1
                        if playerObj['health'] == 0:
                            gameOverMode = True # turn on "game over mode"
                            gameOverStartTime = time.time()
        else:
            # game is over, show "game over" text
            DISPLAYSURF.blit(gameOverSurf, gameOverRect)
            if time.time() - gameOverStartTime > GAMEOVERTIME:
                return # end the current game

        # check if the player has won.
        if winMode:
            DISPLAYSURF.blit(winSurf, winRect)
            DISPLAYSURF.blit(winSurf2, winRect2)

        pygame.display.update()
        FPSCLOCK.tick(FPS)

def drawHealthMeter(currentHealth):
    for i in range(currentHealth): # draw red health bars
        pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, RED,   (15, 5 + (10 * MAXHEALTH) - i * 10, 20, 10))
    for i in range(MAXHEALTH): # draw the white outlines
        pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, WHITE, (15, 5 + (10 * MAXHEALTH) - i * 10, 20, 10), 1)

def terminate():
    pygame.quit()
    sys.exit()

def getBounceAmount(currentBounce, bounceRate, bounceHeight):
    # Returns the number of pixels to offset based on the bounce.
    # Larger bounceRate means a slower bounce.
    # Larger bounceHeight means a higher bounce.
     # currentBounce will always be less than bounceRate
    return int(math.sin( (math.pi / float(bounceRate)) * currentBounce ) * bounceHeight)

def getRandomVelocity():
    speed = random.randint(SQUIRRELMINSPEED, SQUIRRELMAXSPEED)
    if random.randint(0, 1) == 0:
        return speed
    else:
        return -speed

def getRandomOffCameraPos(camerax, cameray, objWidth, objHeight):
    # create a Rect of the camera view
    cameraRect = pygame.Rect(camerax, cameray, WINWIDTH, WINHEIGHT)
    while True:
        x = random.randint(camerax - WINWIDTH, camerax + (2 * WINWIDTH))
        y = random.randint(cameray - WINHEIGHT, cameray + (2 * WINHEIGHT))
349. # create a Rect object with the random coordinates and use colliderect()
         # to make sure the right edge isn't in the camera view.
        objRect = pygame.Rect(x, y, objWidth, objHeight)
        if not objRect.colliderect(cameraRect):
            return x, y

def makeNewSquirrel(camerax, cameray):
    sq = {}
    generalSize = random.randint(5, 25)
    multiplier = random.randint(1, 3)
    sq['width']  = (generalSize + random.randint(0, 10)) * multiplier
    sq['height'] = (generalSize + random.randint(0, 10)) * multiplier
    sq['x'], sq['y'] = getRandomOffCameraPos(camerax, cameray, sq['width'], sq['height'])
    sq['movex'] = getRandomVelocity()
    sq['movey'] = getRandomVelocity()
    if sq['movex'] < 0: # squirrel is facing left
        sq['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(L_SQUIR_IMG, (sq['width'], sq['height']))
    else: # squirrel is facing right
        sq['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(R_SQUIR_IMG, (sq['width'], sq['height']))
    sq['bounce'] = 0
    sq['bouncerate'] = random.randint(10, 18)
    sq['bounceheight'] = random.randint(10, 50)
    return sq

def makeNewGrass(camerax, cameray):
    gr = {}
    gr['grassImage'] = random.randint(0, len(GRASSIMAGES) - 1)
    gr['width']  = GRASSIMAGES[0].get_width()
    gr['height'] = GRASSIMAGES[0].get_height()
     gr['x'], gr['y'] = getRandomOffCameraPos(camerax, cameray, gr['width'], gr['height'])
     gr['rect'] = pygame.Rect( (gr['x'], gr['y'], gr['width'], gr['height']) )
    return gr

def isOutsideActiveArea(camerax, cameray, obj):
    # Return False if camerax and cameray are more than
    # a half-window length beyond the edge of the window.
    boundsLeftEdge = camerax - WINWIDTH
    boundsTopEdge = cameray - WINHEIGHT
    boundsRect = pygame.Rect(boundsLeftEdge, boundsTopEdge, WINWIDTH * 3, WINHEIGHT * 3)
    objRect = pygame.Rect(obj['x'], obj['y'], obj['width'], obj['height'])
    return not boundsRect.colliderect(objRect)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

  # Squirrel Eat Squirrel (a 2D Katamari Damacy clone)
  # By Al Sweigart [[email protected]](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection)
  # http://inventwithpython.com/pygame
  # Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 US

  import random, sys, time, math, pygame
  from pygame.locals import *

  FPS = 30 # frames per second to update the screen
 WINWIDTH = 640 # width of the program's window, in pixels
 WINHEIGHT = 480 # height in pixels
 HALF_WINWIDTH = int(WINWIDTH / 2)
 HALF_WINHEIGHT = int(WINHEIGHT / 2)

 GRASSCOLOR = (24, 255, 0)
 WHITE = (255, 255, 255)
 RED = (255, 0, 0)

CAMERASLACK = 90     # how far from the center the squirrel moves before moving the camera

 MOVERATE = 9         # how fast the player moves
 BOUNCERATE = 6       # how fast the player bounces (large is slower)
 BOUNCEHEIGHT = 30    # how high the player bounces
 STARTSIZE = 25       # how big the player starts off
 WINSIZE = 300        # how big the player needs to be to win
 INVULNTIME = 2       # how long the player is invulnerable after being hit in seconds
 GAMEOVERTIME = 4     # how long the "game over" text stays on the screen in seconds
 MAXHEALTH = 3        # how much health the player starts with

 NUMGRASS = 80        # number of grass objects in the active area
 NUMSQUIRRELS = 30    # number of squirrels in the active area
 SQUIRRELMINSPEED = 3 # slowest squirrel speed
 SQUIRRELMAXSPEED = 7 # fastest squirrel speed
 DIRCHANGEFREQ = 2    # % chance of direction change per frame
 LEFT = 'left'
 RIGHT = 'right'

 """
 This program has three data structures to represent the player, enemy squirrels, and grass background objects. The data structures are dictionaries with the following keys:

 Keys used by all three data structures:
     'x' - the left edge coordinate of the object in the game world (not a pixel coordinate on the screen)
     'y' - the top edge coordinate of the object in the game world (not a pixel coordinate on the screen)
     'rect' - the pygame.Rect object representing where on the screen the object is located.
 Player data structure keys:
     'surface' - the pygame.Surface object that stores the image of the squirrel which will be drawn to the screen.
     'facing' - either set to LEFT or RIGHT, stores which direction the player is facing.
     'size' - the width and height of the player in pixels. (The width & height are always the same.)
     'bounce' - represents at what point in a bounce the player is in. 0 means standing (no bounce), up to BOUNCERATE (the completion of the bounce)
     'health' - an integer showing how many more times the player can be hit by a larger squirrel before dying.
 Enemy Squirrel data structure keys:
     'surface' - the pygame.Surface object that stores the image of the squirrel which will be drawn to the screen.
     'movex' - how many pixels per frame the squirrel moves horizontally. A negative integer is moving to the left, a positive to the right.
     'movey' - how many pixels per frame the squirrel moves vertically. A negative integer is moving up, a positive moving down.
     'width' - the width of the squirrel's image, in pixels
     'height' - the height of the squirrel's image, in pixels
     'bounce' - represents at what point in a bounce the player is in. 0 means standing (no bounce), up to BOUNCERATE (the completion of the bounce)
     'bouncerate' - how quickly the squirrel bounces. A lower number means a quicker bounce.
     'bounceheight' - how high (in pixels) the squirrel bounces
 Grass data structure keys:
     'grassImage' - an integer that refers to the index of the pygame.Surface object in GRASSIMAGES used for this grass object
 """

 def main():
     global FPSCLOCK, DISPLAYSURF, BASICFONT, L_SQUIR_IMG, R_SQUIR_IMG, GRASSIMAGES

     pygame.init()
     FPSCLOCK = pygame.time.Clock()
     pygame.display.set_icon(pygame.image.load('gameicon.png'))
     DISPLAYSURF = pygame.display.set_mode((WINWIDTH, WINHEIGHT))
     pygame.display.set_caption('Squirrel Eat Squirrel')
     BASICFONT = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 32)

     # load the image files
     L_SQUIR_IMG = pygame.image.load('squirrel.png')
     R_SQUIR_IMG = pygame.transform.flip(L_SQUIR_IMG, True, False)
     GRASSIMAGES = []
     for i in range(1, 5):
         GRASSIMAGES.append(pygame.image.load('grass%s.png' % i))

     while True:
         runGame()

 def runGame():
     # set up variables for the start of a new game
     invulnerableMode = False  # if the player is invulnerable
     invulnerableStartTime = 0 # time the player became invulnerable
     gameOverMode = False      # if the player has lost
     gameOverStartTime = 0     # time the player lost
     winMode = False           # if the player has won

     # create the surfaces to hold game text
     gameOverSurf = BASICFONT.render('Game Over', True, WHITE)
     gameOverRect = gameOverSurf.get_rect()
     gameOverRect.center = (HALF_WINWIDTH, HALF_WINHEIGHT)

     winSurf = BASICFONT.render('You have achieved OMEGA SQUIRREL!', True, WHITE)
     winRect = winSurf.get_rect()
     winRect.center = (HALF_WINWIDTH, HALF_WINHEIGHT)

    winSurf2 = BASICFONT.render('(Press "r" to restart.)', True, WHITE)
    winRect2 = winSurf2.get_rect()
    winRect2.center = (HALF_WINWIDTH, HALF_WINHEIGHT + 30)

    # camerax and cameray are where the middle of the camera view is
    camerax = 0
    cameray = 0

    grassObjs = []    # stores all the grass objects in the game
    squirrelObjs = [] # stores all the non-player squirrel objects
    # stores the player object:
    playerObj = {'surface': pygame.transform.scale(L_SQUIR_IMG, (STARTSIZE, STARTSIZE)),
                 'facing': LEFT,
                 'size': STARTSIZE,
                 'x': HALF_WINWIDTH,
                 'y': HALF_WINHEIGHT,
                 'bounce':0,
                 'health': MAXHEALTH}

    moveLeft  = False
    moveRight = False
    moveUp    = False
    moveDown  = False

    # start off with some random grass images on the screen
    for i in range(10):
        grassObjs.append(makeNewGrass(camerax, cameray))
        grassObjs[i]['x'] = random.randint(0, WINWIDTH)
        grassObjs[i]['y'] = random.randint(0, WINHEIGHT)

    while True: # main game loop

        # Check if we should turn off invulnerability
        if invulnerableMode and time.time() - invulnerableStartTime > INVULNTIME:
            invulnerableMode = False

        # move all the squirrels
        for sObj in squirrelObjs:
            # move the squirrel, and adjust for their bounce
            sObj['x'] += sObj['movex']
            sObj['y'] += sObj['movey']

            sObj['bounce'] += 1
            if sObj['bounce'] > sObj['bouncerate']:
                sObj['bounce'] = 0 # reset bounce amount

            # random chance they change direction
            if random.randint(0, 99) < DIRCHANGEFREQ:
                sObj['movex'] = getRandomVelocity()
                sObj['movey'] = getRandomVelocity()
                if sObj['movex'] > 0: # faces right
                    sObj['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(R_SQUIR_IMG, (sObj['width'], sObj['height']))
                else: # faces left
                    sObj['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(L_SQUIR_IMG, (sObj['width'], sObj['height']))

        # go through all the objects and see if any need to be deleted.
        for i in range(len(grassObjs) - 1, -1, -1):
            if isOutsideActiveArea(camerax, cameray, grassObjs[i]):
                del grassObjs[i]
        for i in range(len(squirrelObjs) - 1, -1, -1):
            if isOutsideActiveArea(camerax, cameray, squirrelObjs[i]):
                del squirrelObjs[i]

animals = ['cat', 'mouse', 'dog', 'horse']

for i in range(len(animals)):
    if animals[i] == 'dog':
        del animals[i]

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range

animals = ['cat', 'mouse', 'dog', 'horse']
for i in range(len(animals) - 1, -1, -1):
    if animals[i] == 'dog':
        del animals[i]

        # add more grass & squirrels if we don't have enough.
        while len(grassObjs) < NUMGRASS:
            grassObjs.append(makeNewGrass(camerax, cameray))
        while len(squirrelObjs) < NUMSQUIRRELS:
            squirrelObjs.append(makeNewSquirrel(camerax, cameray))

        # adjust camerax and cameray if beyond the "camera slack"
        playerCenterx = playerObj['x'] + int(playerObj['size'] / 2)
        playerCentery = playerObj['y'] + int(playerObj['size'] / 2)
         if (camerax + HALF_WINWIDTH) - playerCenterx > CAMERASLACK:
             camerax = playerCenterx + CAMERASLACK - HALF_WINWIDTH
         elif playerCenterx – (camerax + HALF_WINWIDTH) > CAMERASLACK:
             camerax = playerCenterx – CAMERASLACK - HALF_WINWIDTH
         if (cameray + HALF_WINHEIGHT) - playerCentery > CAMERASLACK:
             cameray = playerCentery + CAMERASLACK - HALF_WINHEIGHT
         elif playerCentery – (cameray + HALF_WINHEIGHT) > CAMERASLACK:
             cameray = playerCentery – CAMERASLACK - HALF_WINHEIGHT

        # draw the green background
        DISPLAYSURF.fill(GRASSCOLOR)

        # draw all the grass objects on the screen
        for gObj in grassObjs:
            gRect = pygame.Rect( (gObj['x'] - camerax,
                                  gObj['y'] - cameray,
                                  gObj['width'],
                                  gObj['height']) )
            DISPLAYSURF.blit(GRASSIMAGES[gObj['grassImage']], gRect)

        # draw the other squirrels
        for sObj in squirrelObjs:
            sObj['rect'] = pygame.Rect( (sObj['x'] - camerax,
                                         sObj['y'] - cameray - getBounceAmount(sObj['bounce'], sObj['bouncerate'], sObj['bounceheight']),
                                         sObj['width'],
                                         sObj['height']) )
            DISPLAYSURF.blit(sObj['surface'], sObj['rect'])

        # draw the player squirrel
        flashIsOn = round(time.time(), 1) * 10 % 2 == 1

        if not gameOverMode and not (invulnerableMode and flashIsOn):
            playerObj['rect'] = pygame.Rect( (playerObj['x'] - camerax,
                                              playerObj['y'] – cameray - getBounceAmount(playerObj['bounce'], BOUNCERATE, BOUNCEHEIGHT),
                                              playerObj['size'],
                                              playerObj['size']) )
            DISPLAYSURF.blit(playerObj['surface'], playerObj['rect'])

        # draw the health meter
        drawHealthMeter(playerObj['health'])

        for event in pygame.event.get(): # event handling loop
            if event.type == QUIT:
                terminate()

            elif event.type == KEYDOWN:
                if event.key in (K_UP, K_w):
                    moveDown = False
                    moveUp = True
                elif event.key in (K_DOWN, K_s):
                    moveUp = False
                    moveDown = True

                elif event.key in (K_LEFT, K_a):
                    moveRight = False
                    moveLeft = True
                    if playerObj['facing'] == RIGHT: # change player image
                        playerObj['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(L_SQUIR_IMG, (playerObj['size'], playerObj['size']))
                    playerObj['facing'] = LEFT
                elif event.key in (K_RIGHT, K_d):
                    moveLeft = False
                    moveRight = True
                    if playerObj['facing'] == LEFT: # change player image
                        playerObj['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(R_SQUIR_IMG, (playerObj['size'], playerObj['size']))
                    playerObj['facing'] = RIGHT

                elif winMode and event.key == K_r:
                    return

            elif event.type == KEYUP:
                # stop moving the player's squirrel
                if event.key in (K_LEFT, K_a):
                    moveLeft = False
                elif event.key in (K_RIGHT, K_d):
                    moveRight = False
                elif event.key in (K_UP, K_w):
                    moveUp = False
                elif event.key in (K_DOWN, K_s):
                    moveDown = False

                elif event.key == K_ESCAPE:
                    terminate()

        if not gameOverMode:
            # actually move the player
            if moveLeft:
                playerObj['x'] -= MOVERATE
            if moveRight:
                playerObj['x'] += MOVERATE
            if moveUp:
                playerObj['y'] -= MOVERATE
            if moveDown:
                playerObj['y'] += MOVERATE

            if (moveLeft or moveRight or moveUp or moveDown) or playerObj['bounce'] != 0:
                playerObj['bounce'] += 1

            if playerObj['bounce'] > BOUNCERATE:
                playerObj['bounce'] = 0 # reset bounce amount

            # check if the player has collided with any squirrels
            for i in range(len(squirrelObjs)-1, -1, -1):
                sqObj = squirrelObjs[i]

                if 'rect' in sqObj and playerObj['rect'].colliderect(sqObj['rect']):
                    # a player/squirrel collision has occurred
277.
                    if sqObj['width'] * sqObj['height'] <= playerObj['size']**2:
                        # player is larger and eats the squirrel
                        playerObj['size'] += int( (sqObj['width'] * sqObj['height'])**0.2 ) + 1
                        del squirrelObjs[i]

                        if playerObj['facing'] == LEFT:
                            playerObj['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(L_SQUIR_IMG, (playerObj['size'], playerObj['size']))
                        if playerObj['facing'] == RIGHT:
                            playerObj['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(R_SQUIR_IMG, (playerObj['size'], playerObj['size']))

                        if playerObj['size'] > WINSIZE:
                            winMode = True # turn on "win mode"

                    elif not invulnerableMode:
                        # player is smaller and takes damage
                        invulnerableMode = True
                        invulnerableStartTime = time.time()
                        playerObj['health'] -= 1
                        if playerObj['health'] == 0:
                            gameOverMode = True # turn on "game over mode"
                            gameOverStartTime = time.time()

        else:
            # game is over, show "game over" text
            DISPLAYSURF.blit(gameOverSurf, gameOverRect)
            if time.time() - gameOverStartTime > GAMEOVERTIME:
                return # end the current game

        # check if the player has won.
        if winMode:
            DISPLAYSURF.blit(winSurf, winRect)
            DISPLAYSURF.blit(winSurf2, winRect2)

        pygame.display.update()
        FPSCLOCK.tick(FPS)

def drawHealthMeter(currentHealth):
    for i in range(currentHealth): # draw red health bars
        pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, RED,   (15, 5 + (10 * MAXHEALTH) - i * 10, 20, 10))
    for i in range(MAXHEALTH): # draw the white outlines
        pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, WHITE, (15, 5 + (10 * MAXHEALTH) - i * 10, 20, 10), 1)

def terminate():
    pygame.quit()
    sys.exit()

def getBounceAmount(currentBounce, bounceRate, bounceHeight):
    # Returns the number of pixels to offset based on the bounce.
    # Larger bounceRate means a slower bounce.
    # Larger bounceHeight means a higher bounce.
     # currentBounce will always be less than bounceRate
    return int(math.sin( (math.pi / float(bounceRate)) * currentBounce ) * bounceHeight)

>>> import math
>>> math.sin(1)
0.8414709848078965
>>> math.sin(2)
0.90929742682568171
>>> math.sin(3)
0.14112000805986721
>>> math.sin(4)
-0.7568024953079282
>>> math.sin(5)
-0.95892427466313845

    return int(math.sin( (math.pi / float(bounceRate)) * currentBounce ) * bounceHeight)

>>> # Python version 3
...
>>> 10 / 5
2.0
>>> 10 / 4
2.5
>>> 

>>> # Python version 2
...
>>> 10 / 5
2
>>> 10 / 4
2
>>> 10 / 4.0
2.5
>>> 10.0 / 4
2.5
>>> 10.0 / 4.0
2.5

def getRandomVelocity():
    speed = random.randint(SQUIRRELMINSPEED, SQUIRRELMAXSPEED)
    if random.randint(0, 1) == 0:
        return speed
    else:
        return -speed

def getRandomOffCameraPos(camerax, cameray, objWidth, objHeight):
    # create a Rect of the camera view
    cameraRect = pygame.Rect(camerax, cameray, WINWIDTH, WINHEIGHT)
    while True:
        x = random.randint(camerax - WINWIDTH, camerax + (2 * WINWIDTH))
        y = random.randint(cameray - WINHEIGHT, cameray + (2 * WINHEIGHT))
349. # create a Rect object with the random coordinates and use colliderect()
         # to make sure the right edge isn't in the camera view.
        objRect = pygame.Rect(x, y, objWidth, objHeight)
        if not objRect.colliderect(cameraRect):
            return x, y

def makeNewSquirrel(camerax, cameray):
    sq = {}
    generalSize = random.randint(5, 25)
    multiplier = random.randint(1, 3)
    sq['width']  = (generalSize + random.randint(0, 10)) * multiplier
    sq['height'] = (generalSize + random.randint(0, 10)) * multiplier
    sq['x'], sq['y'] = getRandomOffCameraPos(camerax, cameray, sq['width'], sq['height'])
    sq['movex'] = getRandomVelocity()
    sq['movey'] = getRandomVelocity()

    if sq['movex'] < 0: # squirrel is facing left
        sq['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(L_SQUIR_IMG, (sq['width'], sq['height']))
    else: # squirrel is facing right
        sq['surface'] = pygame.transform.scale(R_SQUIR_IMG, (sq['width'], sq['height']))
    sq['bounce'] = 0
    sq['bouncerate'] = random.randint(10, 18)
    sq['bounceheight'] = random.randint(10, 50)
    return sq

def makeNewGrass(camerax, cameray):
    gr = {}
    gr['grassImage'] = random.randint(0, len(GRASSIMAGES) - 1)
    gr['width']  = GRASSIMAGES[0].get_width()
    gr['height'] = GRASSIMAGES[0].get_height()
     gr['x'], gr['y'] = getRandomOffCameraPos(camerax, cameray, gr['width'], gr['height'])
     gr['rect'] = pygame.Rect( (gr['x'], gr['y'], gr['width'], gr['height']) )
    return gr

def isOutsideActiveArea(camerax, cameray, obj):
    # Return False if camerax and cameray are more than
    # a half-window length beyond the edge of the window.
    boundsLeftEdge = camerax - WINWIDTH
    boundsTopEdge = cameray - WINHEIGHT
    boundsRect = pygame.Rect(boundsLeftEdge, boundsTopEdge, WINWIDTH * 3, WINHEIGHT * 3)
    objRect = pygame.Rect(obj['x'], obj['y'], obj['width'], obj['height'])
    return not boundsRect.colliderect(objRect)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()