blocks|key|1528281|text|object.__dict__|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|1528282|entityMap^0|0|F|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|H|8|@$9|I|A|J|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|-4|5|6|7|K|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|G|$]]

blocks|key|1313314|text|我很惊讶还没有人提到帮助！|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|1313315|In+[1]:+def+foo():
+++...:+++++"foo!"
+++...:

In+[2]:+help(foo)
Help+on+function+foo+in+module+__main__:

foo()
++++foo!|code-block|syntax|javascript|1313316|Help允许您读取文档字符串并了解类可能具有的属性，这非常有帮助。|1313317|entityMap^0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|L|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|M|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|I|3|-4|5|6|7|N|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|J|$]]

I'm surprised no one's mentioned help yet!

<pre><code>In [1]: def foo():
 ...: "foo!"
 ...:

In [2]: help(foo)
Help on function foo in module __main__:

foo()
 foo!
</code></pre>

Help lets you read the docstring and get an idea of what attributes a class might have, which is pretty helpful.

blocks|key|1312855|text|首先，阅读源代码。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|1312856|其次，使用dir()函数。|offset|length|style|CODE|1312857|entityMap^0|0|5|5|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|J|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|K|8|@$D|L|E|M|F|G]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|H|3|-4|5|6|7|N|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|I|$]]

First, read the source.

Second, use the <code>dir()</code> function.

blocks|key|1313163|text|如果这是为了探索，看看发生了什么，我建议你看看IPython。这增加了获取对象文档、属性甚至源代码的各种快捷方式。例如，附加一个"?“到一个函数将给出对象的帮助(实际上是"+help+(obj)“的快捷方式，而使用两个？("func??")将显示源码(如果可用)。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|1313164|还有很多额外的便利，比如制表符补全，漂亮的打印结果，结果历史记录等，这使得它对于这种探索性编程非常方便。|1313165|对于更程序化地使用内省，像dir()、vars()、getattr等基本的内置将是有用的，但它值得您花时间查看inspect模块。要获取函数的源代码，请使用"inspect.getsource“，例如，将其应用于函数本身：|1313166|>>>+print+inspect.getsource(inspect.getsource)
def+getsource(object):
++++"""Return+the+text+of+the+source+code+for+an+object.

++++The+argument+may+be+a+module,+class,+method,+function,+traceback,+frame,
++++or+code+object.++The+source+code+is+returned+as+a+single+string.++An
++++IOError+is+raised+if+the+source+code+cannot+be+retrieved."""
++++lines,+lnum+=+getsourcelines(object)
++++return+string.join(lines,+'')|code-block|syntax|javascript|1313167|在处理包装或操作函数时，inspect.getargspec通常也很有用，因为它会给出函数参数的名称和默认值。|1313168|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://ipython.scipy.org/moin/|1|http://docs.python.org/library/inspect.html^0|34|6|N|7|0|0|0|D|5|J|6|Q|7|27|H|1J|7|1|0|0|C|I|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|10|8|@$9|11|A|12|B|C]]|D|@$9|13|A|14|1|15]]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|16|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|17|8|@$9|18|A|19|B|C]|$9|1A|A|1B|B|C]|$9|1C|A|1D|B|C]|$9|1E|A|1F|B|C]]|D|@$9|1G|A|1H|1|1I]]|E|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|L|7|1J|8|@]|D|@]|E|$M|N]]|$1|O|3|P|5|6|7|1K|8|@$9|1L|A|1M|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|Q|3|-4|5|6|7|1N|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|R|$S|$5|T|U|V|E|$W|X]]|Y|$5|T|U|V|E|$W|Z]]]]

If this is for exploration to see what's going on, I'd recommend looking at <a href="http://ipython.scipy.org/moin/" rel="noreferrer">IPython</a>. This adds various shortcuts to obtain an objects documentation, properties and even source code. For instance appending a "?" to a function will give the help for the object (effectively a shortcut for "help(obj)", wheras using two ?'s ("<code>func??</code>") will display the sourcecode if it is available.

There are also a lot of additional conveniences, like tab completion, pretty printing of results, result history etc. that make it very handy for this sort of exploratory programming.

For more programmatic use of introspection, the basic builtins like <code>dir()</code>, <code>vars()</code>, <code>getattr</code> etc will be useful, but it is well worth your time to check out the <a href="http://docs.python.org/library/inspect.html" rel="noreferrer">inspect</a> module. To fetch the source of a function, use "<code>inspect.getsource</code>" eg, applying it to itself:

<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; print inspect.getsource(inspect.getsource)
def getsource(object):
 """Return the text of the source code for an object.

 The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
 or code object. The source code is returned as a single string. An
 IOError is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved."""
 lines, lnum = getsourcelines(object)
 return string.join(lines, '')
</code></pre>

<code>inspect.getargspec</code> is also frequently useful if you're dealing with wrapping or manipulating functions, as it will give the names and default values of function parameters.

blocks|key|1528615|text|如果您对此的图形用户界面感兴趣，请查看objbrowser。它使用Python标准库中的inspect模块进行底层的对象自省。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|offset|length|data|1528616|​|1528617|📷|atomic|1528618|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://pypi.python.org/pypi/objbrowser|1|IMAGE|IMMUTABLE|imageUrl|https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-900000/a84e950b08eec22e3be88a756bbfa754.png|imageAlt^0|J|A|0|0|0|0|1|1|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|W|8|@]|9|@$A|X|B|Y|1|Z]]|C|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|6|7|10|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|H|7|11|8|@]|9|@$A|12|B|13|1|14]]|C|$]]|$1|I|3|-4|5|6|7|15|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]]|J|$K|$5|L|M|N|C|$O|P]]|Q|$5|R|M|S|C|$T|U|V|-4]]]]

If you're interested in a GUI for this, take a look at <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/objbrowser" rel="noreferrer">objbrowser</a>. It uses the inspect module from the Python standard library for the object introspection underneath.

<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vofje.png" alt="objbrowserscreenshot">

blocks|key|1527999|text|您可以在shell中使用dir()列出对象的属性：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|1528000|>>>+dir(object())
['__class__',+'__delattr__',+'__doc__',+'__format__',+'__getattribute__',+'__hash__',+'__init__',+'__new__',+'__reduce__',+'__reduce_ex__',+'__repr__',+'__setattr__',+'__sizeof__',+'__str__',+'__subclasshook__']|code-block|syntax|javascript|1528001|当然，还有inspect模块：http://docs.python.org/library/inspect.html#module-inspect|offset|length|1528002|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://docs.python.org/library/inspect.html#module-inspect^0|0|0|F|1M|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|S|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|T|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|U|8|@]|9|@$I|V|J|W|1|X]]|A|$]]|$1|K|3|-4|5|6|7|Y|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|L|$M|$5|N|O|P|A|$Q|R]]]]

You can list the attributes of a object with dir() in the shell:

<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; dir(object())
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__']
</code></pre>

Of course, there is also the inspect module: <a href="http://docs.python.org/library/inspect.html#module-inspect" rel="noreferrer">http://docs.python.org/library/inspect.html#module-inspect</a>

blocks|key|1313486|text|试试ppretty|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|offset|length|data|1313487|from+ppretty+import+ppretty


class+A(object):
++++s+=+5

++++def+__init__(self):
++++++++self._p+=+8

++++@property
++++def+foo(self):
++++++++return+range(10)


print+ppretty(A(),+indent='++++',+depth=2,+width=30,+seq_length=6,
++++++++++++++show_protected=True,+show_private=False,+show_static=True,
++++++++++++++show_properties=True,+show_address=True)|code-block|syntax|javascript|1313488|输出：|1313489|__main__.A+at+0x1debd68L+(
++++_p+=+8,+
++++foo+=+[0,+1,+2,+...,+7,+8,+9],+
++++s+=+5
)|1313490|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://github.com/symonsoft/ppretty^0|2|7|0|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|U|8|@]|9|@$A|V|B|W|1|X]]|C|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|F|7|Y|8|@]|9|@]|C|$G|H]]|$1|I|3|J|5|6|7|Z|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|K|3|L|5|F|7|10|8|@]|9|@]|C|$G|H]]|$1|M|3|-4|5|6|7|11|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]]|N|$O|$5|P|Q|R|C|$S|T]]]]

Try <a href="https://github.com/symonsoft/ppretty" rel="noreferrer">ppretty</a>

<pre><code>from ppretty import ppretty


class A(object):
 s = 5

 def __init__(self):
 self._p = 8

 @property
 def foo(self):
 return range(10)


print ppretty(A(), indent=' ', depth=2, width=30, seq_length=6,
 show_protected=True, show_private=False, show_static=True,
 show_properties=True, show_address=True)
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code>__main__.A at 0x1debd68L (
 _p = 8, 
 foo = [0, 1, 2, ..., 7, 8, 9], 
 s = 5
)
</code></pre>

blocks|key|1312910|text|"""Visit+http://diveintopython.net/"""

__author__+=+"Mark+Pilgrim+(mark@diveintopython.org)"


def+info(object,+spacing=10,+collapse=1):
++++"""Print+methods+and+doc+strings.

++++Takes+module,+class,+list,+dictionary,+or+string."""
++++methodList+=+[e+for+e+in+dir(object)+if+callable(getattr(object,+e))]
++++processFunc+=+collapse+and+(lambda+s:+"+".join(s.split()))+or+(lambda+s:+s)
++++print+"\n".join(["%25s+%25s"+%25
+++++++++++++++++++++(method.ljust(spacing),
++++++++++++++++++++++processFunc(str(getattr(object,+method).__doc__)))
+++++++++++++++++++++for+method+in+methodList])

if+__name__+==+"__main__":
++++print+help.__doc__|type|code-block|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|syntax|javascript|1312911|unstyled|entityMap^0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|G|8|@]|9|@]|A|$B|C]]|$1|D|3|-4|5|E|7|H|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|F|$]]

<pre><code>"""Visit http://diveintopython.net/"""

__author__ = "Mark Pilgrim (mark@diveintopython.org)"


def info(object, spacing=10, collapse=1):
 """Print methods and doc strings.

 Takes module, class, list, dictionary, or string."""
 methodList = [e for e in dir(object) if callable(getattr(object, e))]
 processFunc = collapse and (lambda s: " ".join(s.split())) or (lambda s: s)
 print "\n".join(["%s %s" %
 (method.ljust(spacing),
 processFunc(str(getattr(object, method).__doc__)))
 for method in methodList])

if __name__ == "__main__":
 print help.__doc__
</code></pre>

blocks|key|1528358|text|其他人已经提到过内置的dir()，它听起来像您正在寻找的东西，但这里有另一个很好的技巧。许多库--包括大多数标准库--都是以源代码形式分发的。这意味着你可以很容易地直接阅读源代码。诀窍在于找到它；例如：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|1528359|>>>+import+string
>>>+string.__file__
'/usr/lib/python2.5/string.pyc'|code-block|syntax|javascript|1528360|*.pyc文件已编译，因此删除尾随的'c‘并在您喜欢的编辑器或文件查看器中打开未编译的*.py文件：|1528361|/usr/lib/python2.5/string.py|1528362|我发现这对于发现某些东西非常有用，比如从给定的API引发了哪些异常。在Python世界中，这种细节很少被很好地记录下来。|1528363|entityMap^0|0|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|O|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|P|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|Q|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|I|3|J|5|D|7|R|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|K|3|L|5|6|7|S|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|M|3|-4|5|6|7|T|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|N|$]]

Others have already mentioned the dir() built-in which sounds like what you're looking for, but here's another good tip. Many libraries -- including most of the standard library -- are distributed in source form. Meaning you can pretty easily read the source code directly. The trick is in finding it; for example:

<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; import string
&gt;&gt;&gt; string.__file__
'/usr/lib/python2.5/string.pyc'
</code></pre>

The *.pyc file is compiled, so remove the trailing 'c' and open up the uncompiled *.py file in your favorite editor or file viewer:

<pre><code>/usr/lib/python2.5/string.py
</code></pre>

I've found this incredibly useful for discovering things like which exceptions are raised from a given API. This kind of detail is rarely well-documented in the Python world.

blocks|key|1528122|text|如果您想查看参数和方法，就像其他人指出的那样，您可以使用pprint或dir()|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|1528123|如果你想查看内容的实际价值，你可以这样做|1528124|object.__dict__|1528125|entityMap^0|S|6|Z|5|0|0|0|F|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|L|8|@$9|M|A|N|B|C]|$9|O|A|P|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|Q|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|R|8|@$9|S|A|T|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|J|3|-4|5|6|7|U|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|K|$]]

If you want to look at parameters and methods, as others have pointed out you may well use <code>pprint</code> or <code>dir()</code>

If you want to see the actual value of the contents, you can do

<code>object.__dict__</code>

blocks|key|1528728|text|如果您有兴趣查看与对象myobj对应的函数的源代码，可以输入iPython或Jupyter+Notebook|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|1528729|myobj??|1528730|entityMap^0|B|5|U|7|12|G|0|0|7|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|J|8|@$9|K|A|L|B|C]|$9|M|A|N|B|C]|$9|O|A|P|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|Q|8|@$9|R|A|S|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|H|3|-4|5|6|7|T|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|I|$]]

If you are interested to see the source code of the function corresponding to the object <code>myobj</code>, you can type in <code>iPython</code> or <code>Jupyter Notebook</code>:

<code>myobj??</code>

blocks|key|1312987|text|pprint和dir配合使用效果很好|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|1312988|entityMap^0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|D|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|-4|5|6|7|E|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|C|$]]

pprint and dir together work great

blocks|key|1313390|text|有一个专门用于此目的的python代码库构建:Python2.7中引入的inspect|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|offset|length|data|1313391|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://docs.python.org/2/library/inspect.html^0|10|7|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|L|8|@]|9|@$A|M|B|N|1|O]]|C|$]]|$1|D|3|-4|5|6|7|P|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]]|E|$F|$5|G|H|I|C|$J|K]]]]

There is a python code library build just for this purpose: <a href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/inspect.html" rel="nofollow">inspect</a> Introduced in Python 2.7

blocks|key|1313528|text|import+pprint

pprint.pprint(obj.__dict__)|type|code-block|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|syntax|javascript|1313529|或|unstyled|1313530|pprint.pprint(vars(obj))|1313531|entityMap^0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$B|C]]|$1|D|3|E|5|F|7|L|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|M|8|@]|9|@]|A|$B|C]]|$1|I|3|-4|5|F|7|N|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|J|$]]

<pre><code>import pprint

pprint.pprint(obj.__dict__)
</code></pre>

or

<pre><code>pprint.pprint(vars(obj))
</code></pre>

blocks|key|1528835|text|在Python3.8中，可以使用__dict__打印出对象的内容。例如,|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|1528836|class+Person():
+++pass

person+=+Person()

##+set+attributes
person.first+=+'Oyinda'
person.last+=+'David'

##+to+see+the+content+of+the+object
print(person.__dict__)++

{"first":+"Oyinda",+"last":+"David"}|code-block|syntax|javascript|1528837|entityMap^0|G|8|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|M|8|@$9|N|A|O|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|H|7|P|8|@]|D|@]|E|$I|J]]|$1|K|3|-4|5|6|7|Q|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|L|$]]

In Python 3.8, you can print out the contents of an object by using the <code>__dict__</code>. For example,
<pre><code>class Person():
 pass

person = Person()

## set attributes
person.first = 'Oyinda'
person.last = 'David'

## to see the content of the object
print(person.__dict__) 

{&quot;first&quot;: &quot;Oyinda&quot;, &quot;last&quot;: &quot;David&quot;}
</code></pre>

blocks|key|1313743|text|如果您正在寻找稍微微妙一点的解决方案，您可以尝试objprint。它的一个积极方面是它可以处理嵌套对象。例如：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|offset|length|data|1313744|from+objprint+import+objprint

class+Position:
++++def+__init__(self,+x,+y):
++++++++self.x+=+x
++++++++self.y+=+y

class+Player:
++++def+__init__(self):
++++++++self.name+=+"Alice"
++++++++self.age+=+18
++++++++self.items+=+["axe",+"armor"]
++++++++self.coins+=+{"gold":+1,+"silver":+33,+"bronze":+57}
++++++++self.position+=+Position(3,+5)

objprint(Player())|code-block|syntax|javascript|1313745|将打印输出|1313746|<Player
++.name+=+'Alice',
++.age+=+18,
++.items+=+['axe',+'armor'],
++.coins+=+{'gold':+1,+'silver':+33,+'bronze':+57},
++.position+=+<Position
++++.x+=+3,
++++.y+=+5
++>
>|1313747|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://github.com/gaogaotiantian/objprint^0|O|8|0|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|U|8|@]|9|@$A|V|B|W|1|X]]|C|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|F|7|Y|8|@]|9|@]|C|$G|H]]|$1|I|3|J|5|6|7|Z|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|K|3|L|5|F|7|10|8|@]|9|@]|C|$G|H]]|$1|M|3|-4|5|6|7|11|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]]|N|$O|$5|P|Q|R|C|$S|T]]]]

If you are looking for a slightly more delicate solution, you could try <a href="https://github.com/gaogaotiantian/objprint" rel="nofollow noreferrer">objprint</a>. A positive side of it is that it can handle nested objects. For example:
<pre><code>from objprint import objprint

class Position:
 def __init__(self, x, y):
 self.x = x
 self.y = y

class Player:
 def __init__(self):
 self.name = &quot;Alice&quot;
 self.age = 18
 self.items = [&quot;axe&quot;, &quot;armor&quot;]
 self.coins = {&quot;gold&quot;: 1, &quot;silver&quot;: 33, &quot;bronze&quot;: 57}
 self.position = Position(3, 5)

objprint(Player())
</code></pre>
Will print out
<pre><code>&lt;Player
 .name = 'Alice',
 .age = 18,
 .items = ['axe', 'armor'],
 .coins = {'gold': 1, 'silver': 33, 'bronze': 57},
 .position = &lt;Position
 .x = 3,
 .y = 5
 &gt;
&gt;
</code></pre>

blocks|key|1313348|text|如果您想查看活动对象的内部，那么python的inspect模块是一个很好的答案。通常，它用于获取磁盘上某个源文件中定义的函数的源代码。如果想要获得解释器中定义的实时函数和lambda的源代码，可以使用dill中的dill.source.getsource。它还可以从curries中定义的绑定或未绑定的类方法和函数中获得代码。但是，如果没有封闭对象代码，您可能无法编译该代码。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|1313349|>>>+from+dill.source+import+getsource
>>>+
>>>+def+add(x,y):
...+++return+x%2By
...+
>>>+squared+=+lambda+x:x**2
>>>+
>>>+print+getsource(add)
def+add(x,y):
++return+x%2By

>>>+print+getsource(squared)
squared+=+lambda+x:x**2

>>>+
>>>+class+Foo(object):
...+++def+bar(self,+x):
...+++++return+x*x%2Bx
...+
>>>+f+=+Foo()
>>>+
>>>+print+getsource(f.bar)
def+bar(self,+x):
++++return+x*x%2Bx

>>>+|code-block|syntax|javascript|1313350|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://github.com/uqfoundation/dill^0|N|7|2T|4|2Z|L|2T|4|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|S|8|@$9|T|A|U|B|C]|$9|V|A|W|B|C]|$9|X|A|Y|B|C]]|D|@$9|Z|A|10|1|11]]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|H|7|12|8|@]|D|@]|E|$I|J]]|$1|K|3|-4|5|6|7|13|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|L|$M|$5|N|O|P|E|$Q|R]]]]

If you want to look inside a live object, then python's <code>inspect</code> module is a good answer. In general, it works for getting the source code of functions that are defined in a source file somewhere on disk. If you want to get the source of live functions and lambdas that were defined in the interpreter, you can use <code>dill.source.getsource</code> from <a href="https://github.com/uqfoundation/dill" rel="nofollow"><code>dill</code></a>. It also can get the code for from bound or unbound class methods and functions defined in curries... however, you might not be able to compile that code without the enclosing object's code.

<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; from dill.source import getsource
&gt;&gt;&gt; 
&gt;&gt;&gt; def add(x,y):
... return x+y
... 
&gt;&gt;&gt; squared = lambda x:x**2
&gt;&gt;&gt; 
&gt;&gt;&gt; print getsource(add)
def add(x,y):
 return x+y

&gt;&gt;&gt; print getsource(squared)
squared = lambda x:x**2

&gt;&gt;&gt; 
&gt;&gt;&gt; class Foo(object):
... def bar(self, x):
... return x*x+x
... 
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = Foo()
&gt;&gt;&gt; 
&gt;&gt;&gt; print getsource(f.bar)
def bar(self, x):
 return x*x+x

&gt;&gt;&gt; 
</code></pre>

blocks|key|1528663|text|vars(obj)返回对象的属性。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|1528664|entityMap^0|0|9|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|H|8|@$9|I|A|J|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|-4|5|6|7|K|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|G|$]]

<code>vars(obj)</code> returns the attributes of an object.

blocks|key|1528947|text|有一个非常酷的工具叫做objexplore。下面是一个简单的例子，说明如何在熊猫DataFrame上使用它的explore函数。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|1528948|import+pandas+as+pd
df=pd.read_csv('https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/data/heart.csv')

from+objexplore+import+explore
explore(df)|code-block|syntax|javascript|1528949|将在您的shell中弹出以下内容：|1528950|📷|atomic|1528951|​|1528952|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://github.com/kylepollina/objexplore|1|IMAGE|IMMUTABLE|imageUrl|https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-900000/2473a24d2475b16ef029a49f7df0d47d.png|imageAlt^0|B|A|1I|7|B|A|0|0|0|0|0|1|1|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|15|8|@$9|16|A|17|B|C]|$9|18|A|19|B|C]]|D|@$9|1A|A|1B|1|1C]]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|H|7|1D|8|@]|D|@]|E|$I|J]]|$1|K|3|L|5|6|7|1E|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|M|3|N|5|O|7|1F|8|@]|D|@$9|1G|A|1H|1|1I]]|E|$]]|$1|P|3|Q|5|6|7|1J|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|R|3|-4|5|6|7|1K|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]]|S|$T|$5|U|V|W|E|$X|Y]]|Z|$5|10|V|11|E|$12|13|14|-4]]]]

There is a very cool tool called <a href="https://github.com/kylepollina/objexplore" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><code>objexplore</code></a>. Here is a simple example on how to use its <code>explore</code> function on a pandas DataFrame.
<pre><code>import pandas as pd
df=pd.read_csv('https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/data/heart.csv')

from objexplore import explore
explore(df)
</code></pre>
Will pop up the following in your shell:
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/C1Aye.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/C1Aye.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a>

blocks|key|1528054|text|此外，如果您想查看列表和字典，可以使用pprint()|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|1528055|entityMap^0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|D|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|-4|5|6|7|E|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|C|$]]

In addition if you want to look inside list and dictionaries, you can use pprint()

blocks|key|1528761|text|已经有很多不错的小费了，但最短和最容易的(不一定是最好的)还没有被提及：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|1528762|object?|code-block|syntax|javascript|1528763|entityMap^0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|I|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|J|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|-4|5|6|7|K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|H|$]]

Many good tipps already, but the shortest and easiest (not necessarily the best) has yet to be mentioned: 

<pre><code>object?
</code></pre>

I'm starting to code in various projects using Python (including Django web development and Panda3D game development). 

To help me understand what's going on, I would like to basically 'look' inside the Python objects to see how they tick - like their methods and properties. 

So say I have a Python object, what would I need to print out its contents? Is that even possible?

How do I look inside a Python object?

游戏开发

解释器

Django

Python

我开始使用Python在各种项目中编写代码(包括Django web开发和Panda3D游戏开发)。为了帮助我理解发生了什么，我想基本上“看”一下Python对象内部，看看它们是如何运行的-就像它们的方法和属性一样。假设我有一个Python对象，我需要什么来打印出它的内容？这有可能吗？

问如何查看Python对象内部？
EN

回答 21

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问如何查看Python对象内部？EN

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