Dijkstra算法。最小堆作为最小优先级队列
Dijkstra算法。最小堆作为最小优先级队列
提问于 2017-02-01 02:59:19
我正在阅读CLRS第三版(第662页)中的Dijkstra算法。这是书中我不理解的一部分：
如果图足够稀疏-特别是
E = o(V^2/lg V)-我们可以通过使用二进制最小堆实现最小优先级队列来改进算法。
为什么图形应该是稀疏的？
这是另一个部分：
每个
-KEY操作都需要时间
O(log V)，并且至多还有E个这样的操作。
假设我的图表如下所示：
我想计算从1到6的最短路径，并使用最小堆方法。因此，首先，我将所有节点添加到最小优先级队列中。在构建min heap之后，min节点就是源节点(因为它到自己的距离是0)。我提取它并更新它所有邻居的距离。
然后，我需要在距离最短的节点上调用decreaseKey，以创建堆的最小值。但是我怎么知道它在固定时间内的索引呢？
节点
private static class Node implements Comparable<Node> {
final int key;
int distance = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
Node prev = null;
public Node(int key) {
this.key = key;
}
@Override
public int compareTo(Node o) {
if (distance < o.distance) {
return -1;
} else if (distance > o.distance) {
return 1;
} else {
return 0;
}
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "key=" + key + " distance=" + distance;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return key;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) {
return true;
}
if (!(obj instanceof Node)) {
return false;
}
Node other = (Node) obj;
return key == other.key;
}
}MinPriorityQueue
public static class MinPriorityQueue {
private Node[] array;
private int heapSize;
public MinPriorityQueue(Node[] array) {
this.array = array;
this.heapSize = this.array.length;
}
public Node extractMin() {
Node temp = array[0];
swap(0, heapSize - 1, array);
heapSize--;
sink(0);
return temp;
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return heapSize == 0;
}
public void buildMinHeap() {
for (int i = heapSize / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
sink(i);
}
}
public void decreaseKey(int index, Node key) {
if (key.compareTo(array[index]) >= 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("the new key must be greater than the current key");
}
array[index] = key;
while (index > 0 && array[index].compareTo(array[parentIndex(index)]) < 0) {
swap(index, parentIndex(index), array);
index = parentIndex(index);
}
}
private int parentIndex(int index) {
return (index - 1) / 2;
}
private int left(int index) {
return 2 * index + 1;
}
private int right(int index) {
return 2 * index + 2;
}
private void sink(int index) {
int smallestIndex = index;
int left = left(index);
int right = right(index);
if (left < heapSize && array[left].compareTo(array[smallestIndex]) < 0) {
smallestIndex = left;
}
if (right < heapSize && array[right].compareTo(array[smallestIndex]) < 0) {
smallestIndex = right;
}
if (index != smallestIndex) {
swap(smallestIndex, index, array);
sink(smallestIndex);
}
}
public Node min() {
return array[0];
}
private void swap(int i, int j, Node[] array) {
Node temp = array[i];
array[i] = array[j];
array[j] = temp;
}
}回答 2
Stack Overflow用户
回答已采纳
发布于 2017-02-09 19:18:52
为什么图形应该是稀疏的？
Dijkstra算法的运行时间取决于底层数据结构和图形形状(边和顶点)的组合。
例如，使用链表将需要O(V²)时间，即它仅取决于顶点的数量。使用堆将需要O((V + E) log V)，即它取决于顶点的数量和边的数量。
如果您的E与V相比足够小(就像在E << V² / logV中一样)，那么使用堆将变得更有效。
，然后我需要在距离最小的节点上调用
decreaseKey，以使堆达到新的最小值。但是我怎么知道它在固定时间内的索引呢？
如果您使用的是二进制堆，那么extractMin总是以O(log V)时间运行，并为您提供距离最小的节点(也称为。键)。
例如，如果将二进制最小堆实现为数组H，则数组H[1]的第一个元素(按照惯例，我们从1开始计数)将始终是距离最小的元素，因此只需使用O(1)即可找到它。
但是，在每个extractMin、insert或decreaseKey之后，您必须运行swim或sink来恢复堆条件，从而将距离最短的节点移到顶部。这需要O(log V)。
您还需要做的是维护堆中的键和顶点之间的映射，如书中所述：“确保顶点和相应的堆元素维护彼此的句柄”(在第6.5节中简要讨论)。
Stack Overflow用户
发布于 2017-02-09 17:49:28
让我们假设您的图由顶点(节点)组成，在您的示例中，您有7 (0 ->6 )和边。它们由以下模型表示：
节点模型:
public class Vertex{
final private String id;
final private String name;
public Vertex(String id, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
public String getId() {
return id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int prime = 31;
int result = 1;
result = prime * result + ((id == null) ? 0 : id.hashCode());
return result;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj)
return true;
if (obj == null)
return false;
if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
return false;
Vertex other = (Vertex) obj;
if (id == null) {
if (other.id != null)
return false;
} else if (!id.equals(other.id))
return false;
return true;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return name;
}
}边缘将通过此模型呈现：Edge
public class Edge {
private final String id;
private final Vertex source;
private final Vertex destination;
private final int weight;
public Edge(String id, Vertex source, Vertex destination, int weight) {
this.id = id;
this.source = source;
this.destination = destination;
this.weight = weight;
}
public String getId() {
return id;
}
public Vertex getDestination() {
return destination;
}
public Vertex getSource() {
return source;
}
public int getWeight() {
return weight;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return source + " " + destination;
}
}图形(节点+边)将由这个类呈现：图形
public class Graph {
private final List<Vertex> vertexes;
private final List<Edge> edges;
public Graph(List<Vertex> vertexes, List<Edge> edges) {
this.vertexes = vertexes;
this.edges = edges;
}
public List<Vertex> getVertexes() {
return vertexes;
}
public List<Edge> getEdges() {
return edges;
}
}这是Dijkstra算法的一个简单实现。它不使用任何性能优化：
public class DijkstraAlgorithm {
private final List<Vertex> nodes;
private final List<Edge> edges;
private Set<Vertex> settledNodes;
private Set<Vertex> unSettledNodes;
private Map<Vertex, Vertex> predecessors;
private Map<Vertex, Integer> distance;
public DijkstraAlgorithm(Graph graph) {
// create a copy of the array so that we can operate on this array
this.nodes = new ArrayList<Vertex>(graph.getVertexes());
this.edges = new ArrayList<Edge>(graph.getEdges());
}
public void execute(Vertex source) {
settledNodes = new HashSet<Vertex>();
unSettledNodes = new HashSet<Vertex>();
distance = new HashMap<Vertex, Integer>();
predecessors = new HashMap<Vertex, Vertex>();
distance.put(source, 0);
unSettledNodes.add(source);
while (unSettledNodes.size() > 0) {
Vertex node = getMinimum(unSettledNodes);
settledNodes.add(node);
unSettledNodes.remove(node);
findMinimalDistances(node);
}
}
private void findMinimalDistances(Vertex node) {
List<Vertex> adjacentNodes = getNeighbors(node);
for (Vertex target : adjacentNodes) {
if (getShortestDistance(target) > getShortestDistance(node)
+ getDistance(node, target)) {
distance.put(target, getShortestDistance(node)
+ getDistance(node, target));
predecessors.put(target, node);
unSettledNodes.add(target);
}
}
}
private int getDistance(Vertex node, Vertex target) {
for (Edge edge : edges) {
if (edge.getSource().equals(node)
&& edge.getDestination().equals(target)) {
return edge.getWeight();
}
}
throw new RuntimeException("Should not happen");
}
private List<Vertex> getNeighbors(Vertex node) {
List<Vertex> neighbors = new ArrayList<Vertex>();
for (Edge edge : edges) {
if (edge.getSource().equals(node)
&& !isSettled(edge.getDestination())) {
neighbors.add(edge.getDestination());
}
}
return neighbors;
}
private Vertex getMinimum(Set<Vertex> vertexes) {
Vertex minimum = null;
for (Vertex vertex : vertexes) {
if (minimum == null) {
minimum = vertex;
} else {
if (getShortestDistance(vertex) < getShortestDistance(minimum)) {
minimum = vertex;
}
}
}
return minimum;
}
private boolean isSettled(Vertex vertex) {
return settledNodes.contains(vertex);
}
private int getShortestDistance(Vertex destination) {
Integer d = distance.get(destination);
if (d == null) {
return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
} else {
return d;
}
}
/*
* This method returns the path from the source to the selected target and
* NULL if no path exists
*/
public LinkedList<Vertex> getPath(Vertex target) {
LinkedList<Vertex> path = new LinkedList<Vertex>();
Vertex step = target;
// check if a path exists
if (predecessors.get(step) == null) {
return null;
}
path.add(step);
while (predecessors.get(step) != null) {
step = predecessors.get(step);
path.add(step);
}
// Put it into the correct order
Collections.reverse(path);
return path;
}
}然后创建一个测试类并添加您的图形值：
public class TestDijkstraAlgorithm {
private List<Vertex> nodes;
private List<Edge> edges;
@Test
public void testExcute() {
nodes = new ArrayList<Vertex>();
edges = new ArrayList<Edge>();
for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++) {
Vertex location = new Vertex("Node_" + i, "Node_" + i);
nodes.add(location);
}
addLane("Edge_0", 0, 1, 5);
addLane("Edge_1", 0, 2, 40);
addLane("Edge_2", 0, 3, 21);
addLane("Edge_3", 2, 3, 13);
addLane("Edge_4", 2, 4, 19);
addLane("Edge_5", 4, 5, 32);
addLane("Edge_6", 3, 5, 41);
addLane("Edge_7", 4, 6, 14);
addLane("Edge_8", 5, 6, 8);
// Lets check from location Loc_1 to Loc_10
Graph graph = new Graph(nodes, edges);
DijkstraAlgorithm dijkstra = new DijkstraAlgorithm(graph);
dijkstra.execute(nodes.get(0));
LinkedList<Vertex> path = dijkstra.getPath(nodes.get(10));
assertNotNull(path);
assertTrue(path.size() > 0);
for (Vertex vertex : path) {
System.out.println(vertex);
}
}
private void addLane(String laneId, int sourceLocNo, int destLocNo,
int duration) {
Edge lane = new Edge(laneId,nodes.get(sourceLocNo), nodes.get(destLocNo), duration );
edges.add(lane);
}
}页面原文内容由Stack Overflow提供。腾讯云小微IT领域专用引擎提供翻译支持
原文链接：
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41965431
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