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类器官智能(OI):生物计算和容器中智能的新前沿

Recent advances in human stem cell-derived brain organoids promise to replicate critical molecular and cellular aspects of learning and memory and possibly aspects of cognition in vitro. Coining the term “organoid intelligence” (OI) to encompass these developments, we present a collaborative program to implement the vision of a multidisciplinary field of OI. This aims to establish OI as a form of genuine biological computing that harnesses brain organoids using scientific and bioengineering advances in an ethically responsible manner. Standardized, 3D, myelinated brain organoids can now be produced with high cell density and enriched levels of glial cells and gene expression critical for learning. Integrated microfluidic perfusion systems can support scalable and durable culturing, and spatiotemporal chemical signaling. Novel 3D microelectrode arrays permit high-resolution spatiotemporal electrophysiological signaling and recording to explore the capacity of brain organoids to recapitulate the molecular mechanisms of learning and memory formation and, ultimately, their computational potential. Technologies that could enable novel biocomputing models via stimulus-response training and organoid-computer interfaces are in development. We envisage complex, networked interfaces whereby brain organoids are connected with real-world sensors and output devices, and ultimately with each other and with sensory organ organoids (e.g. retinal organoids), and are trained using biofeedback, big-data warehousing, and machine learning methods. In parallel, we emphasize an embedded ethics approach to analyze the ethical aspects raised by OI research in an iterative, collaborative manner involving all relevant stakeholders. The many possible applications of this research urge the strategic development of OI as a scientific discipline. We anticipate OI-based biocomputing systems to allow faster decision-making, continuous learning during tasks, and greater energy and data efficiency. Furthermore, the development of “intelligence-in-

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基于目标导向行为和空间拓扑记忆的视觉导航方法

动物,包括人类在内,在空间认知和行动规划方面具有非凡的能力,与其对应的导航行为也在心理学和神经科学中得到广泛研究.1948年, Tolman提出“认知地图(cognitivemap)”概念用于说明物理环境的内在表达,自此,认知地图的存在和形式一直饱受争议.近年来,通过将电极放置在啮齿类动物脑中及研究其电生理记录,位置细胞(placecells),网格细胞(gridcells)和头朝向细胞(Head-Directioncells,HDcells)等多种有关环境编码的细胞得以被人们熟知.在空间认知过程中,每种细胞有其特定功能,它们相互合作完成对状态空间的表达,各类细胞连接如图1所示。此外,还有证据表明海马体内嗅皮层脑区不仅参与空间记忆, 在规划路径中也具有重要作用。

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