诺奖得主，干细胞教父山中伸弥涉嫌科研数据造假

醒世警言

科学研究数据或结果造假像流感病毒一样，已经防不胜防了。。。就连如此著名的诺贝尔奖得主的实验室也如此。

谁的都不信？连自己的数据也不敢相信了？

参见文尾背景信息。

A Japanese stem cell researcher said he falsified data in a study published in a U.S. scientific journal in 2017.

Kohei Yamamizu, 36, who works withNobel Prizelaureate Shinya Yamanaka at Kyoto University's Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, admitted to the fabrications, the Mainichi Shimbun reported Tuesday.

Yamanaka issued an apology during a news conference, where Yamamizu may not have been present."I truly regret and apologize for not being able to prevent the impropriety," Yamanaka said. " I will make even greater efforts in regard to the fostering of researchers."

The falsifying of data in the study published in the February 2017 issue of Stem Cell Reports was extensive.A Kyoto University committee found 17 instances of information manipulation.The fabrications were used to fit the authors' claims in an article Yamamizu co-wrote with other scientists.

The other 10 co-authors were not involved in data manipulation, according to theAsahi Shimbun.The study argues a certain kind of stem cell can be useful in manufacturing drugs that can fight brain diseases like Alzheimer's.

The paper also claimed the scientists have created stem cells that are similar to cells that function to create a blood-brain barrier that protects the brain.But the thesis came under scrutiny last September, and an investigative committee was created to examine the claims.

The probe began about a month after another Japanese scientistwas foundto have committed scientific misconduct in five papers.

Yoshinori Watanabe, a cell biologist at the prestigious University of Tokyo, was found to have drawn conclusions without conducting the necessary experiments.Japan has invested substantially in stem cell research.

In 2013, Tokyo began to invest in the sector by agreeing to supply more than $990 million in funding for stem cell research at the University of Tokyo.

摘自《拉斯克医学奖获奖感言》——时占祥、曾凡一

2006年，Shinya Yamanaka的开创突破工作，将小鼠皮肤细胞变为可产生小鼠的多能干细胞，这一过程并不需要将体细胞的细胞核移入去核的卵母细胞，也不需要付出破坏一个胚胎的代价去产生干细胞。他的方法是筛选了二十四个以往报道的在多能性方面发挥重要的因子，将这些因子一个一个或者组合起来导入成纤维细胞中进行尝试。

经过四年不懈努力，Yamanaka和他的博士后搭档Kazutoshi Takahashi发现单一因子不足以完成重编程，而四因子的组合Oct4、Sox2、Klf4和c-Myc可以将成纤维细胞重编程为多能干细胞，这种多能干细胞被命名为诱导性多能干细胞（iPS，induced pluripotent stem cells）。

Yamanaka四因子通过开启或者关闭一些基因的表达来完成成纤维细胞到iPS细胞的转变。

2007年Yamanaka小组再次证实了同样的四个因子也可以将人类的皮肤成纤维细胞重编程为人iPS细胞，相似的结果也被威斯康森大学的James Thomson和波士顿儿童医院的George Daley证实。其他的科学家们也对iPS技术做了重要贡献，包括提高这一诱导系统的效率，用化学物质代替Yamanaka因子来简化重编程过程等等。

Yamanaka的工作是对细胞核重编程的彻底颠覆，犹如弗朗西斯、培根和格伦布朗在教皇画像领域所做的颠覆性的工作。iPS技术对于基础生物学和临床医学的研究都有着巨大的潜力。对于生物学，iPS细胞使对介导重编程的关键因子鉴定和纯化成为了可能，最终更清楚明确地研究相关机制。对于医学，iPS为研究疾病发生机制铺平了道路。

在过去的几年内，四个研究小组已经获得了几个疾病模型特异性的iPS细胞，包括神经退行性疾病和几个孟德尔遗传多基因病。就像Jaenisch对于镰刀形贫血的研究一样，iPS对于个体化的细胞替代治疗的研究带来了新的希望。

Gurdon和Yamanaka的技术都可以产生活体的动物。这两个技术在分子和细胞机制上是否相同？对于这个问题的回答将会给生物学一些基础性问题的解决提供些参考，比如一个未分化的胚胎干细胞怎样产生活体动物中成千上万的不同的细胞类型和复杂的组织器官。

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