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2、基本方法(Basic Recipes)

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墨文
发布2020-02-28 12:51:25
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发布2020-02-28 12:51:25
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文章被收录于专栏:m0w3n

学习目录:树莓派学习之路-GPIO Zero

官网地址:http://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/recipes.html

环境:UbuntuMeta-16.04

树莓派:3代B型

2、基本方法(Basic Recipes)

下面演示了GPIO Zero库的一些功能,注意的是这些方法都是在python3下编写的,在python2下可能有用也可能没有用!

2.1 导入GPIO Zero

使用GPIO Zero库有两种方式

2.1.1 单独导入GPIO Zero库的某个类

导入 GPIO Zero 的 Button :

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Button

现在 Button 就可以直接在脚本中使用:

代码语言:javascript
复制
button = Button(2) #2为Button的引脚

2.1.2 完整导入GPIO Zero库

或者,导入整个GPIO Zero库:

代码语言:javascript
复制
import gpiozero

在这种情况下,GPIO Zero中对项目的所有引用都必须加上前缀(gpiozero):

代码语言:javascript
复制
button = gpiozero.Button(2)    #2为Button的引脚

2.2. Pin 编号

该库使用Broadcom(BCM)引脚编号作为GPIO引脚,而不是物理(BOARD)编号。 与RPi.GPIO库不同,这是不可配置的。

2.3 开关一个LED

 不断的打开和关闭LED灯

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LED
from time import sleep

red = LED(17)  #led的正极接GPIO17

while True:
    red.on()   #开灯
    sleep(1)
    red.off()  #关灯
    sleep(1)

 或者也可以两一种写法:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LED
from signal import pause

red = LED(17)   #led的正极接GPIO17

 2.4 改变LED的亮度

任何常规LED都可以使用PWM(脉冲宽度调制)设置其亮度值。 在GPIO Zero中,可以使用PWMLED来实现,PWMLED的值从0到1:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import PWMLED
from time import sleep

led = PWMLED(17)

while True:
    led.value = 0  # 灭
    sleep(1)
    led.value = 0.5  # 半亮
    sleep(1)
    led.value = 1  # 全亮
    sleep(1)

类似于连续闪烁,PWMLED可以脉冲(连续淡入和淡出),以下实现呼吸灯的效果:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import PWMLED
from signal import pause

led = PWMLED(17)

led.pulse()  #呼吸灯的效果

pause()

 2.5 加入一个按钮

按钮的连接如下图

 检查是否按下了按钮:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Button

button = Button(2)

while True:
    if button.is_pressed:
        print("按钮已经按下")
    else:
        print("按钮没有被按下")

 一直等待按钮被按下:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Button

button = Button(2)

button.wait_for_press()  #等待按钮被按下

print("按钮已经按下")

 每次按下按钮的时候运行一个方法:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Button
from signal import pause

def say_hello():
    print("Hello!")

button = Button(2)

button.when_pressed = say_hello #当被按下时执行 say_hello 方法,注意不能写为say_hello()

 同样的,按钮被释放时也可以执行一个方法: 

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Button
from signal import pause

def say_hello():
    print("Hello!")

def say_goodbye():
    print("Goodbye!")

button = Button(2)

button.when_pressed = say_hello   #当被按下时执行 say_hello 方法

2.6 使用一个按钮控制led灯

按下按钮时打开LED:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from signal import pause

led = LED(17)    #定义一个led灯
button = Button(2)   #定义一个button

button.when_pressed = led.on   #开灯
button.when_released = led.off    #关灯

pause()

 或者:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from signal import pause

led = LED(17)   #定义一个led灯

 2.7 按钮控制摄像头

当按下按钮时触发 PiCamera 拍照,使用 when_pressed = camera.capture 的写法是无效,因为capture()方法需要输出参数。

但是,这可以使用不需要参数的自定义函数来实现:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Button
from picamera import PiCamera
from datetime import datetime
from signal import pause

button = Button(2)
camera = PiCamera()

def capture():
    ctime = datetime.now().isoformat()
    camera.capture('/home/pi/%s.jpg' % ctime)  #保存图片

button.when_pressed = capture

pause()

 另外可以使用一个按钮来启动和停止相机预览,另一个按钮用来拍照:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Button
from picamera import PiCamera
from datetime import datetime
from signal import pause

left_button = Button(2)
right_button = Button(3)
camera = PiCamera()

def capture():
    ctime = datetime.now().isoformat()
    camera.capture('/home/pi/%s.jpg' % ctime)

left_button.when_pressed = camera.start_preview
left_button.when_released = camera.stop_preview
right_button.when_pressed = capture

pause()

 2.8 实现按钮关机

Button类还提供了在按钮按住一段给定时间后运行函数的功能。

下面的示例是,当按钮按住2秒时,将关闭树莓派:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Button
from subprocess import check_call
from signal import pause

def shutdown():
    check_call(['sudo', 'poweroff'])   #运行shell

shutdown_btn = Button(17, hold_time=2)    #定义按钮,以及持续时间
shutdown_btn.when_held = shutdown    

pause()

 2.9 LEDBoard(灯组)

可以使用LEDBoard访问LED组合灯:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LEDBoard
from time import sleep
from signal import pause

leds = LEDBoard(5, 6, 13, 19, 26)   #定义一组led灯,该组由引脚分别为5, 6, 13, 19, 26的5个led组成

leds.on()  #全亮
sleep(1)
leds.off()   #全灭
sleep(1)
leds.value = (1, 0, 1, 0, 1) #1,3,5亮,2,4灭
sleep(1)
leds.blink()  #全部闪烁

pause()

 使用带有pwm = True的LEDBoard,可以控制每个LED的亮度:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LEDBoard
from signal import pause

leds = LEDBoard(5, 6, 13, 19, 26, pwm=True)

leds.value = (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0)  #单独设置每个led的亮度

pause()

 在高级LEDBoard方法中,可以看到更多LEDBoard示例。

2.10 LEDBarGraph(柱状图)

可以使用LEDBarGraph将LED组合为柱状图:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph
from time import sleep

graph = LEDBarGraph(5, 6, 13, 19, 26, pwm=False)  #定义一组led柱状灯,该组由引脚分别为5, 6, 13, 19, 26的5个led组成,不设置每个灯的亮度

#以下值,类似于电量100%显示
graph.value = 1/10  # (0.5, 0, 0, 0, 0)
sleep(1)
graph.value = 3/10  # (1, 0.5, 0, 0, 0)
sleep(1)
graph.value = -3/10  # (0, 0, 0, 0.5, 1)
sleep(1)
graph.value = 9/10  # (1, 1, 1, 1, 0.5)
sleep(1)
graph.value = 95/100  # (1, 1, 1, 1, 0.75)
sleep(1)

可以看到上面的值都是四舍五入的,当pwm = False(默认值)时,LED要么是打开要么是关闭。

但是,使用带有pwm = True的LEDBarGraph可以使用LED亮度获得更精确的值:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph
from time import sleep

graph = LEDBarGraph(5, 6, 13, 19, 26, pwm=True)  #定义一组led柱状灯,该组由引脚分别为5, 6, 13, 19, 26的5个led组成,设置每个灯的亮度

graph.value = 1/10  # (0.5, 0, 0, 0, 0)
sleep(1)
graph.value = 3/10  # (1, 0.5, 0, 0, 0)
sleep(1)
graph.value = -3/10  # (0, 0, 0, 0.5, 1)
sleep(1)
graph.value = 9/10  # (1, 1, 1, 1, 0.5)
sleep(1)
graph.value = 95/100  # (1, 1, 1, 1, 0.75)
sleep(1)

 2.11 Traffic Lights(交通灯)

一个交通灯系统。

使用像Pi-Stop这样的TrafficLights套件:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import TrafficLights
from time import sleep

lights = TrafficLights(2, 3, 4)   #一组交通灯

lights.green.on()  #绿灯亮

while True:
    sleep(10)
    lights.green.off()  #绿灯灭
    lights.amber.on()  #黄灯亮
    sleep(1)
    lights.amber.off()  #黄灯灭
    lights.red.on()  #红灯亮
    sleep(10)
    lights.amber.on()  #黄灯亮
    sleep(1)
    lights.green.on()  #绿灯亮
    lights.amber.off()  #黄灯灭
    lights.red.off()  #红灯灭

 另外;

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import TrafficLights
from time import sleep
from signal import pause

lights = TrafficLights(2, 3, 4)

def traffic_light_sequence():
    while True:
        yield (0, 0, 1) # green
        sleep(10)
        yield (0, 1, 0) # amber
        sleep(1)
        yield (1, 0, 0) # red
        sleep(10)
        yield (1, 1, 0) # red+amber
        sleep(1)

lights.source = traffic_light_sequence()

pause()

 使用LED组合:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LED
from time import sleep

red = LED(2)
amber = LED(3)
green = LED(4)

green.on()
amber.off()
red.off()

while True:
    sleep(10)
    green.off()
    amber.on()
    sleep(1)
    amber.off()
    red.on()
    sleep(10)
    amber.on()
    sleep(1)
    green.on()
    amber.off()
    red.off()

2.12. Push button stop motion:

每按一次按钮,使用相机模块拍摄一张照片:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Button
from picamera import PiCamera

button = Button(2)
camera = PiCamera()

camera.start_preview()
frame = 1
while True:
    button.wait_for_press()
    camera.capture('/home/pi/frame%03d.jpg' % frame)
    frame += 1

 有关完整资源,请参阅 Push Button Stop Motion 。

2.13. Reaction Game(反应游戏):

当你看到灯亮起时,第一个按下按钮的人就赢了!

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Button, LED
from time import sleep
import random  #导入随机库

led = LED(17)

player_1 = Button(2)
player_2 = Button(3)

time = random.uniform(5, 10)  #随机产生5到10之间的数
sleep(time)
led.on()  #灯亮

while True:
    if player_1.is_pressed:
        print("Player 1 wins!")
        break
    if player_2.is_pressed:
        print("Player 2 wins!")
        break

led.off()  #灯灭

 有关完整资源,请参阅 Quick Reaction Game

 2.14. GPIO Music Box(GPIO音乐盒):

每一个按钮会发出不一样的声音!

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Button
import pygame.mixer
from pygame.mixer import Sound
from signal import pause

pygame.mixer.init()

button_sounds = {
    Button(2): Sound("samples/drum_tom_mid_hard.wav"),
    Button(3): Sound("samples/drum_cymbal_open.wav"),
}

for button, sound in button_sounds.items():
    button.when_pressed = sound.play

pause()

 有关完整资源,请参阅 GPIO Music Box

2.15. All on when pressed(全部打开时按下):

按下按钮时,蜂鸣器和所有指示灯亮起。

FishDish:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import FishDish
from signal import pause

fish = FishDish()

fish.button.when_pressed = fish.on
fish.button.when_released = fish.off

pause()

Ryanteck TrafficHat:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import TrafficHat
from signal import pause

th = TrafficHat()

th.button.when_pressed = th.on
th.button.when_released = th.off

pause()

 使用LED,蜂鸣器和按钮组合:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LED, Buzzer, Button
from signal import pause

button = Button(2)
buzzer = Buzzer(3)
red = LED(4)
amber = LED(5)
green = LED(6)

things = [red, amber, green, buzzer]

def things_on():
    for thing in things:
        thing.on()

def things_off():
    for thing in things:
        thing.off()

button.when_pressed = things_on
button.when_released = things_off

pause()

2.16. Full color LED(全彩LED):

使用RGBLED产生色彩:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import RGBLED
from time import sleep

led = RGBLED(red=9, green=10, blue=11)

led.red = 1  # full red
sleep(1)
led.red = 0.5  # half red
sleep(1)

led.color = (0, 1, 0)  # full green
sleep(1)
led.color = (1, 0, 1)  # magenta
sleep(1)
led.color = (1, 1, 0)  # yellow
sleep(1)
led.color = (0, 1, 1)  # cyan
sleep(1)
led.color = (1, 1, 1)  # white
sleep(1)

led.color = (0, 0, 0)  # off
sleep(1)

# slowly increase intensity of blue
for n in range(100):
    led.blue = n/100
    sleep(0.1)

2.17. Motion sensor(运动传感器):

运动传感器检测到运动时点亮LED:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import MotionSensor, LED
from signal import pause

pir = MotionSensor(4)
led = LED(16)

pir.when_motion = led.on
pir.when_no_motion = led.off

pause()

 2.18. Light sensor(光敏传感器):

需要有个光敏传感器,可以检测有光和黑暗:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LightSensor

sensor = LightSensor(18)

while True:
    sensor.wait_for_light()
    print("It's light! :)")
    sensor.wait_for_dark()
    print("It's dark :(")

 当光线改变时执行一个函数:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LightSensor, LED
from signal import pause

sensor = LightSensor(18)
led = LED(16)

sensor.when_dark = led.on
sensor.when_light = led.off

pause()

 或者根据检测到的光线强弱改变PWMLED的亮度:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LightSensor, PWMLED
from signal import pause

sensor = LightSensor(18)
led = PWMLED(16)

led.source = sensor.values

pause()

2.19. Distance sensor(距离传感器):

注意:在上图中,可以省略从传感器通向面包板的导线; 只需将传感器直接插入边缘的面包板中。

让DistanceSensor可以检测到最近的物体的距离:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor
from time import sleep

sensor = DistanceSensor(23, 24)

while True:
    print('Distance to nearest object is', sensor.distance, 'm')
    sleep(1)

 当某物接近传感器时执行一个函数:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor, LED
from signal import pause

sensor = DistanceSensor(23, 24, max_distance=1, threshold_distance=0.2)
led = LED(16)

sensor.when_in_range = led.on
sensor.when_out_of_range = led.off

pause()

2.20. Motors(电机):

向前和向后旋转电机:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Motor
from time import sleep

motor = Motor(forward=4, backward=14)

while True:
    motor.forward()
    sleep(5)
    motor.backward()
    sleep(5)

 2.21. Robot(机器人)

让机器人在一个大致正方形的区域中四处走动:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Robot
from time import sleep

robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))

for i in range(4):
    robot.forward()
    sleep(10)
    robot.right()
    sleep(1)

 制作一个带有距离传感器的机器人,当侧得距离小于20厘米时,机器人就会转弯:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Robot, DistanceSensor
from signal import pause

sensor = DistanceSensor(23, 24, max_distance=1, threshold_distance=0.2)
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))

sensor.when_in_range = robot.backward
sensor.when_out_of_range = robot.stop
pause()

2.22. Button controlled robot(使用按钮控制机器人)

 使用四个按钮作为机器人的前进/后退/左/右控制键:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Robot, Button
from signal import pause

robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))

left = Button(26)
right = Button(16)
fw = Button(21)
bw = Button(20)

fw.when_pressed = robot.forward
fw.when_released = robot.stop

left.when_pressed = robot.left
left.when_released = robot.stop

right.when_pressed = robot.right
right.when_released = robot.stop

bw.when_pressed = robot.backward
bw.when_released = robot.stop

pause()

2.23. Keyboard controlled robot(使用键盘控制机器人)

 使用上/下/左/右键来控制机器人:

代码语言:javascript
复制
import curses
from gpiozero import Robot

robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))

actions = {
    curses.KEY_UP:    robot.forward,
    curses.KEY_DOWN:  robot.backward,
    curses.KEY_LEFT:  robot.left,
    curses.KEY_RIGHT: robot.right,
    }

def main(window):
    next_key = None
    while True:
        curses.halfdelay(1)
        if next_key is None:
            key = window.getch()
        else:
            key = next_key
            next_key = None
        if key != -1:
            # KEY DOWN
            curses.halfdelay(3)
            action = actions.get(key)
            if action is not None:
                action()
            next_key = key
            while next_key == key:
                next_key = window.getch()
            # KEY UP
            robot.stop()

curses.wrapper(main)

注意:此方法使用的是标准curses模块。 此模需要在Python的终端中运行才能正常工作,因此此方法在IDLE等环境中不起作用。

 如果你更喜欢在IDLE下工作的版本,则以下方法应该足够:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Robot
from evdev import InputDevice, list_devices, ecodes

robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))

# Get the list of available input devices
devices = [InputDevice(device) for device in list_devices()]

# Filter out everything that's not a keyboard. Keyboards are defined as any
# device which has keys, and which specifically has keys 1..31 (roughly Esc,
# the numeric keys, the first row of QWERTY plus a few more) and which does
# *not* have key 0 (reserved)
must_have = {i for i in range(1, 32)}
must_not_have = {0}
devices = [
    dev
    for dev in devices
    for keys in (set(dev.capabilities().get(ecodes.EV_KEY, [])),)
    if must_have.issubset(keys)
    and must_not_have.isdisjoint(keys)
]
# Pick the first keyboard
keyboard = devices[0]

keypress_actions = {
    ecodes.KEY_UP: robot.forward,
    ecodes.KEY_DOWN: robot.backward,
    ecodes.KEY_LEFT: robot.left,
    ecodes.KEY_RIGHT: robot.right,
}

for event in keyboard.read_loop():
    if event.type == ecodes.EV_KEY and event.code in keypress_actions:
        if event.value == 1:  # key down
            keypress_actions[event.code]()
        if event.value == 0:  # key up
            robot.stop()

注意:此方法使用第三方evdev模块。 首先使用sudo pip3 install evdev安装此库。 请注意,evdev仅适用于本地输入设备; 这个方法不适用于SSH。

 2.24. Motion sensor robot(运动传感器机器人)

 检测到运动时让机器人向前行驶:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Robot, MotionSensor
from signal import pause

robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
pir = MotionSensor(5)

pir.when_motion = robot.forward
pir.when_no_motion = robot.stop

pause()

 或者:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Robot, MotionSensor
from signal import pause

robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
pir = MotionSensor(5)

robot.source = zip(pir.values, pir.values)

pause()

 2.25. Potentiometer(电位器)

连续打印连接到MCP3008模数转换器的电位计值(0到1之间的值):

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import MCP3008

pot = MCP3008(channel=0)

while True:
    print(pot.value)

使用PWM在LED条形图上显示电位计的值,以表示状态不会“填满”LED:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph, MCP3008
from signal import pause

graph = LEDBarGraph(5, 6, 13, 19, 26, pwm=True)
pot = MCP3008(channel=0)
graph.source = pot.values
pause()

2.26. Measure temperature with an ADC(使用ADC测量温度)

将TMP36温度传感器连接到MCP3008模数转换器的第一个引脚:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import MCP3008
from time import sleep

def convert_temp(gen):
    for value in gen:
        yield (value * 3.3 - 0.5) * 100

adc = MCP3008(channel=0)

for temp in convert_temp(adc.values):
    print('The temperature is', temp, 'C')
    sleep(1)

2.27. Full color LED controlled by 3 potentiometers(由3个电位器控制全彩LED)

连接三个电位器(红色,绿色和蓝色)并使用它们的每个值来产生LED的颜色:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import RGBLED, MCP3008

led = RGBLED(red=2, green=3, blue=4)
red_pot = MCP3008(channel=0)
green_pot = MCP3008(channel=1)
blue_pot = MCP3008(channel=2)

while True:
    led.red = red_pot.value
    led.green = green_pot.value
    led.blue = blue_pot.value

或者,以下示例产生相同的效果,但使用的是source属性而不是while循环:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import RGBLED, MCP3008
from signal import pause

led = RGBLED(2, 3, 4)
red_pot = MCP3008(0)
green_pot = MCP3008(1)
blue_pot = MCP3008(2)

led.source = zip(red_pot.values, green_pot.values, blue_pot.values)

pause()

注意:上面的示例需要Python 3的环境。在Python 2中,zip()不支持延迟评估,因此脚本将挂起。

 2.28. Timed heat lamp(定时加热灯)

 如果你有宠物(例如乌龟)需要每天开启一定时间的加热灯,您可以使用Energenie Pi-mote远程控制灯,TimeOfDay类来控制时间:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import Energenie, TimeOfDay
from datetime import time
from signal import pause

lamp = Energenie(1)
daytime = TimeOfDay(time(8), time(20))

lamp.source = daytime.values
lamp.source_delay = 60

pause()

2.29. Internet connection status indicator(Internet连接状态指示灯)

你可以使用一对绿色和红色LED展示你的互联网连接是否正常工作。 只需使用PingServer类来确定是否ping通google.com。 如果成功,绿色LED点亮,如果不成功,红色LED点亮:

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LED, PingServer
from gpiozero.tools import negated
from signal import pause

green = LED(17)
red = LED(18)

google = PingServer('google.com')

green.source = google.values
green.source_delay = 60
red.source = negated(green.values)

pause()

2.30. CPU Temperature Bar Graph(CPU温度条形图)

你可以使用内置的CPUTemperature类读取Raspberry Pi自己的CPU温度,并在LED的“条形图”上显示:、

代码语言:javascript
复制
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph, CPUTemperature
from signal import pause

cpu = CPUTemperature(min_temp=50, max_temp=90)
leds = LEDBarGraph(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, pwm=True)

leds.source = cpu.values

pause()

2.31. More recipes(更多方法)

继续:

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