SQL 语法概要

ABORT [WORK | TRANSACTION]

ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type [ , ... ] ) RENAME TO new_name

ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type [ , ... ] ) OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type [ , ... ] ) SET SCHEMA new_schema

ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO newname

ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO newowner

ALTER DATABASE name [ WITH CONNECTION LIMIT connlimit ]

ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }

ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter

ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO newname

ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }

ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL

ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint

ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [RESTRICT | CASCADE]

ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DOMAIN name SET SCHEMA new_schema

ALTER EXTENSION name UPDATE [ TO new_version ]
ALTER EXTENSION name SET SCHEMA new_schema
ALTER EXTENSION name ADD member_object
ALTER EXTENSION name DROP member_object

其中 member_object 是：

  ACCESS METHOD object_name |
  AGGREGATE aggregate_name ( aggregate_signature ) |
  CAST (source_type AS target_type) |
  COLLATION object_name |
  CONVERSION object_name |
  DOMAIN object_name |
  EVENT TRIGGER object_name |
  FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER object_name |
  FOREIGN TABLE object_name |
  FUNCTION function_name ( [ [ argmode ] [ argname ] argtype [, ...] ] ) |
  MATERIALIZED VIEW object_name |
  OPERATOR operator_name (left_type, right_type) |
  OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
  OPERATOR FAMILY object_name USING index_method |
  [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name |
  SCHEMA object_name |
  SEQUENCE object_name |
  SERVER object_name |
  TABLE object_name |
  TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION object_name |
  TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY object_name |
  TEXT SEARCH PARSER object_name |
  TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE object_name |
  TRANSFORM FOR type_name LANGUAGE lang_name |
  TYPE object_name |
  VIEW object_name

aggregate_signature 是：

* | [ argmode ] [ argname ] argtype [ , ... ] |
  [ [ argmode ] [ argname ] argtype [ , ... ] ] 
    ORDER BY [ argmode ] [ argname ] argtype [ , ... ]

ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE name RENAME [COLUMN] column TO new_column

ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE name SET SCHEMA new_schema

ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE name action [, ... ]

ALTER FILESPACE name RENAME TO newname

ALTER FILESPACE name OWNER TO newowner

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ [argmode] [argname] argtype [, ...] ] ) 
   action [, ... ] [RESTRICT]

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ [argmode] [argname] argtype [, ...] ] )
   RENAME TO new_name

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ [argmode] [argname] argtype [, ...] ] ) 
   OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ [argmode] [argname] argtype [, ...] ] ) 
   SET SCHEMA new_schema

ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ]

ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ]

ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO newname

ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name

ALTER INDEX name SET ( FILLFACTOR = value )

ALTER INDEX name RESET ( FILLFACTOR )

ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO newname
ALTER LANGUAGE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER OPERATOR name ( {lefttype | NONE} , {righttype | NONE} ) 
   OWNER TO newowner

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO newname

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO newowner

ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY name USING index_method ADD
  {  OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name ( op_type, op_type ) [ RECHECK ]
    | FUNCTION support_number [ ( op_type [ , op_type ] ) ] funcname ( argument_type [, ...] )
  } [, ... ]
ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY name USING index_method DROP
  {  OPERATOR strategy_number ( op_type, op_type ) 
    | FUNCTION support_number [ ( op_type [ , op_type ] ) 
  } [, ... ]

ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY name USING index_method RENAME TO newname

ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY name USING index_method OWNER TO newowner

ALTER PROTOCOL name RENAME TO newname

ALTER PROTOCOL name OWNER TO newowner

ALTER RESOURCE QUEUE name WITH ( queue_attribute=value [, ... ] ) 

ALTER ROLE name RENAME TO newname

ALTER ROLE name SET config_parameter {TO | =} {value | DEFAULT}

ALTER ROLE name RESET config_parameter

ALTER ROLE name RESOURCE QUEUE {queue_name | NONE}

ALTER ROLE name [ [WITH] option [ ... ] ]

ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO newname

ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO newowner

ALTER SEQUENCE name [INCREMENT [ BY ] increment] 
     [MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE] 
     [MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE] 
     [RESTART [ WITH ] start] 
     [CACHE cache] [[ NO ] CYCLE] 
     [OWNED BY {table.column | NONE}]

ALTER SEQUENCE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER SEQUENCE name SET SCHEMA new_schema

ALTER TABLE [ONLY] name RENAME [COLUMN] column TO new_column

ALTER TABLE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER TABLE name SET SCHEMA new_schema

ALTER TABLE [ONLY] name SET 
     DISTRIBUTED BY (column, [ ... ] ) 
   | DISTRIBUTED RANDOMLY 
   | WITH (REORGANIZE=true|false)

ALTER TABLE [ONLY] name action [, ... ]

ALTER TABLE name
   [ ALTER PARTITION { partition_name | FOR (RANK(number)) 
   | FOR (value) } partition_action [...] ] 
   partition_action

ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO newname

ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO newowner

ALTER TYPE name
   OWNER TO new_owner | SET SCHEMA new_schema

ALTER USER name RENAME TO newname

ALTER USER name SET config_parameter {TO | =} {value | DEFAULT}

ALTER USER name RESET config_parameter

ALTER USER name [ [WITH] option [ ... ] ]

ALTER VIEW name RENAME TO newname

ANALYZE [VERBOSE] [ROOTPARTITION [ALL] ] 
   [table [ (column [, ...] ) ]]

BEGIN [WORK | TRANSACTION] [transaction_mode]
      [READ ONLY | READ WRITE]

CHECKPOINT

CLOSE cursor_name

CLUSTER indexname ON tablename

CLUSTER tablename

CLUSTER

COMMENT ON
{ TABLE object_name |
  COLUMN table_name.column_name |
  AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type [, ...]) |
  CAST (sourcetype AS targettype) |
  CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |
  CONVERSION object_name |
  DATABASE object_name |
  DOMAIN object_name |
  FILESPACE object_name |
  FUNCTION func_name ([[argmode] [argname] argtype [, ...]]) |
  INDEX object_name |
  LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |
  OPERATOR op (leftoperand_type, rightoperand_type) |
  OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
  [PROCEDURAL] LANGUAGE object_name |
  RESOURCE QUEUE object_name |
  ROLE object_name |
  RULE rule_name ON table_name |
  SCHEMA object_name |
  SEQUENCE object_name |
  TABLESPACE object_name |
  TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |
  TYPE object_name |
  VIEW object_name } 
IS 'text'

COMMIT [WORK | TRANSACTION]

COPY table [(column [, ...])] FROM {'file' | STDIN}
     [ [WITH] 
       [BINARY]
       [OIDS]
       [HEADER]
       [DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter']
       [NULL [ AS ] 'null string']
       [ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' | 'OFF']
       [NEWLINE [ AS ] 'LF' | 'CR' | 'CRLF']
       [CSV [QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote'] 
            [FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...]]
       [FILL MISSING FIELDS]
       [[LOG ERRORS]  
       SEGMENT REJECT LIMIT count [ROWS | PERCENT] ]

COPY {table [(column [, ...])] | (query)} TO {'file' | STDOUT}
      [ [WITH] 
        [ON SEGMENT]
        [BINARY]
        [OIDS]
        [HEADER]
        [DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter']
        [NULL [ AS ] 'null string']
        [ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' | 'OFF']
        [CSV [QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote'] 
             [FORCE QUOTE column [, ...]] ]
      [IGNORE EXTERNAL PARTITIONS ]

CREATE [ORDERED] AGGREGATE name (input_data_type [ , ... ]) 
      ( SFUNC = sfunc,
        STYPE = state_data_type
        [, PREFUNC = prefunc]
        [, FINALFUNC = ffunc]
        [, INITCOND = initial_condition]
        [, SORTOP = sort_operator] )

CREATE CAST (sourcetype AS targettype) 
       WITH FUNCTION funcname (argtypes) 
       [AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT]

CREATE CAST (sourcetype AS targettype) WITHOUT FUNCTION 
       [AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT]

CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name FOR source_encoding TO 
     dest_encoding FROM funcname

CREATE DATABASE name [ [WITH] [OWNER [=] dbowner]
                     [TEMPLATE [=] template]
                     [ENCODING [=] encoding]
                     [TABLESPACE [=] tablespace]
                     [CONNECTION LIMIT [=] connlimit ] ]

CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type [DEFAULT expression] 
       [CONSTRAINT constraint_name
       | NOT NULL | NULL 
       | CHECK (expression) [...]]

CREATE EXTENSION [ IF NOT EXISTS ] extension_name
  [ WITH ] [ SCHEMA schema_name ]
           [ VERSION version ]
           [ FROM old_version ]
           [ CASCADE ]

CREATE [READABLE] EXTERNAL TABLE table_name     
    ( column_name data_type [, ...] | LIKE other_table )
     LOCATION ('file://seghost[:port]/path/file' [, ...])
       | ('gpfdist://filehost[:port]/file_pattern[#transform=trans_name]'
           [, ...]
       | ('gpfdists://filehost[:port]/file_pattern[#transform=trans_name]'
           [, ...])
       | ('gphdfs://hdfs_host[:port]/path/file')
       | ('s3://S3_endpoint[:port]/bucket_name/[S3_prefix]
             [region=S3-region]
            [config=config_file]')
     [ON MASTER]
     FORMAT 'TEXT' 
           [( [HEADER]
              [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter' | 'OFF']
              [NULL [AS] 'null string']
              [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape' | 'OFF']
              [NEWLINE [ AS ] 'LF' | 'CR' | 'CRLF']
              [FILL MISSING FIELDS] )]
          | 'CSV'
           [( [HEADER]
              [QUOTE [AS] 'quote'] 
              [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
              [NULL [AS] 'null string']
              [FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...]]
              [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape']
              [NEWLINE [ AS ] 'LF' | 'CR' | 'CRLF']
              [FILL MISSING FIELDS] )]
          | 'AVRO' 
          | 'PARQUET'
          | 'CUSTOM' (Formatter=<formatter_specifications>)
    [ ENCODING 'encoding' ]
      [ [LOG ERRORS] SEGMENT REJECT LIMIT count
      [ROWS | PERCENT] ]

CREATE [READABLE] EXTERNAL WEB TABLE table_name     
   ( column_name data_type [, ...] | LIKE other_table )
      LOCATION ('http://webhost[:port]/path/file' [, ...])
    | EXECUTE 'command' [ON ALL 
                          | MASTER
                          | number_of_segments
                          | HOST ['segment_hostname'] 
                          | SEGMENT segment_id ]
      FORMAT 'TEXT' 
            [( [HEADER]
               [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter' | 'OFF']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape' | 'OFF']
               [NEWLINE [ AS ] 'LF' | 'CR' | 'CRLF']
               [FILL MISSING FIELDS] )]
           | 'CSV'
            [( [HEADER]
               [QUOTE [AS] 'quote'] 
               [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...]]
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape']
               [NEWLINE [ AS ] 'LF' | 'CR' | 'CRLF']
               [FILL MISSING FIELDS] )]
           | 'CUSTOM' (Formatter=<formatter specifications>)
     [ ENCODING 'encoding' ]
     [ [LOG ERRORS] SEGMENT REJECT LIMIT count
       [ROWS | PERCENT] ]

CREATE WRITABLE EXTERNAL TABLE table_name
    ( column_name data_type [, ...] | LIKE other_table )
     LOCATION('gpfdist://outputhost[:port]/filename[#transform=trans_name]'
          [, ...])
      | ('gpfdists://outputhost[:port]/file_pattern[#transform=trans_name]'
          [, ...])
      | ('gphdfs://hdfs_host[:port]/path')
      FORMAT 'TEXT' 
               [( [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape' | 'OFF'] )]
          | 'CSV'
               [([QUOTE [AS] 'quote'] 
               [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [FORCE QUOTE column [, ...]] ]
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape'] )]
           | 'AVRO' 
           | 'PARQUET'

           | 'CUSTOM' (Formatter=<formatter specifications>)
    [ ENCODING 'write_encoding' ]
    [ DISTRIBUTED BY (column, [ ... ] ) | DISTRIBUTED RANDOMLY ]

CREATE WRITABLE EXTERNAL TABLE table_name
    ( column_name data_type [, ...] | LIKE other_table )
     LOCATION('s3://S3_endpoint[:port]/bucket_name/[S3_prefix]
            [region=S3-region]
            [config=config_file]')
      [ON MASTER]
      FORMAT 'TEXT' 
               [( [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape' | 'OFF'] )]
          | 'CSV'
               [([QUOTE [AS] 'quote'] 
               [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [FORCE QUOTE column [, ...]] ]
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape'] )]

CREATE WRITABLE EXTERNAL WEB TABLE table_name
    ( column_name data_type [, ...] | LIKE other_table )
    EXECUTE 'command' [ON ALL]
    FORMAT 'TEXT' 
               [( [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape' | 'OFF'] )]
          | 'CSV'
               [([QUOTE [AS] 'quote'] 
               [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [FORCE QUOTE column [, ...]] ]
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape'] )]
           | 'CUSTOM' (Formatter=<formatter specifications>)
    [ ENCODING 'write_encoding' ]
    [ DISTRIBUTED BY (column, [ ... ] ) | DISTRIBUTED RANDOMLY ]