前往小程序,Get更优阅读体验!
立即前往
首页
学习
活动
专区
工具
TVP
发布
社区首页 >专栏 >教程 | 用AI生成猫的图片,撸猫人士必备

教程 | 用AI生成猫的图片,撸猫人士必备

作者头像
AI科技大本营
发布2018-04-26 13:37:23
2.1K0
发布2018-04-26 13:37:23
举报
文章被收录于专栏:AI科技大本营的专栏

编译 | 小梁

【AI科技大本营导读】我们身边总是不乏各种各样的撸猫人士,面对朋友圈一波又一波晒猫的浪潮,作为学生狗和工作狗的我们只有羡慕的份,更流传有“吸猫穷三代,撸猫毁一生?”的名言,今天营长就为广大爱猫人士发放一份福利,看看如何用AI来生成猫的图片?

用DCGAN生成的猫图片示例

领军研究员 Yann Lecun 称生成式对抗网络( Generative Adverserial Networks, GAN )是“过去20年里机器学习中最棒的想法”。因为这种网络结构的出现,我们才能在今天搭建一个可以生成栩栩如生的猫图片的 AI 系统。这是不是很令人振奋?

DCGAN的训练过程

完整代码(Github):

https://gist.github.com/simoninithomas/c7d1e80810ef838330d7dab068d6b26f#file-training-py

如果你使用过 Python、Tensorflow,学习过深度学习、CNNs(卷积神经网络),将对理解代码大有裨益。

▌什么是 DCGAN?

深度卷积生成对抗网络(Deep Convolutional Generative Adverserial Networks,DCGAN)是一种深度学习架构,它会生成和训练集中数据相似的结果。

这一模型用卷积层代替了生成对抗网络(GAN)模型中的全连接层。

为了解释 DCGAN 是如何运行的,我们用艺术专家和冒牌专家来做比喻。

冒牌专家( 即“生成器” )企图模仿梵高的画作生成图片并把它当做真实的梵高作品。

而另一边,艺术专家( 即“分类器” )试图利用它们对梵高画作的了解来识别出赝品( 即生成图片 )。

随着时间推移,艺术专家鉴别赝品的技术不断长进,冒牌专家仿作的能力也不断提高。

如我们所见,DCGANs 由两个互相对抗的深度神经网络组成。

  • 生成器是一个仿造者,生成和真实数据相似的结果。它本身不知道真实数据是什么样,但会从另一个模型的反馈信息中学习和调整。
  • 分类器是一个检测者,通过与真实数据比较来确定伪造数据(即模型生成的图片),但尽力不对真实数据报错。这一部分会为生成器的反向传播服务。

DCGAN工作流程示例

  • 生成器会加入随机噪声向量,生成图片;
  • 这张图片被输入给分类器,和训练集进行比较;
  • 最后分类器返回一个 0(伪造图像)和 1(真实图像)之间的数字。

▌让我们来创建 DCGAN 吧!

现在,我们可以准备创建AI了。

在这部分,我们将关注模型的主要元素。若你想看所有代码,请点这里的 notebook(https://github.com/simoninithomas/CatDCGAN/blob/master/Cat%20DCGAN.ipynb)。

输入部分

先创建输入占位符:分类器:inputs_real,生成器:inputs_z。

注意,我们用两个学习率,一个是生成器的学习率,一个是分类器的学习率。

DCGANs 对超参数特别敏感,所以精确调参尤其重要。

代码语言:javascript
复制
def model_inputs(real_dim, z_dim):
    """    Create the model inputs
    :param real_dim: tuple containing width, height and channels
    :param z_dim: The dimension of Z
    :return: Tuple of (tensor of real input images, tensor of z data, learning rate G, learning rate D)
    """    # inputs_real for Discriminator
    inputs_real = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, (None, *real_dim), name='inputs_real')
  
    # inputs_z for Generator
    inputs_z = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, (None, z_dim), name="input_z")
    
    # Two different learning rate : one for the generator, one for the discriminator
    learning_rate_G = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, name="learning_rate_G")
    
    learning_rate_D = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, name="learning_rate_D")
    
    return inputs_real, inputs_z, learning_rate_G, learning_rate_D

分类器和生成器

我们用函数 tf.variable_scope 的原因有两个:

  • 第一,我们想要保证所有变量名称都以 generator 或 discriminator 开头,这将为我们之后训练两个网络提供帮助。
  • 第二,我们要用不同的输入重复训练网络:对于生成器,既要训练它,也要在训练后从生成图像中采样;对于分类器,我们需要在生成图像和真实图像间共用变量。

我们先来创建分类器。记住,要用真实或生成图像作为输入,然后输出分数。

需要注意的技术点:

  • 关键点是在每个卷积层加倍过滤器的尺寸;
  • 不建议进行下采样,我们只用一定步长的卷积层;
  • 每层都使用 batch 标准化(输入层除外),因为它会减小协方差转变。想了解更多信息的话请看这篇文章(https://medium.com/@ageitgey/machine-learning-is-fun-80ea3ec3c471)。
  • 我们用 Leaky ReLU 作为激活函数,因为它能帮助避免梯度消失问题。
代码语言:javascript
复制
def discriminator(x, is_reuse=False, alpha = 0.2):
    ''' Build the discriminator network.
        Arguments
        ---------
        x : Input tensor for the discriminator
        n_units: Number of units in hidden layer
        reuse : Reuse the variables with tf.variable_scope
        alpha : leak parameter for leaky ReLU
        Returns
        -------
        out, logits:
    '''
    with tf.variable_scope("discriminator", reuse = is_reuse):
        # Input layer 128*128*3 --> 64x64x64
        # Conv --> BatchNorm --> LeakyReLU   
        conv1 = tf.layers.conv2d(inputs = x,
                                filters = 64,
                                kernel_size = [5,5],
                                strides = [2,2],
                                padding = "SAME",
                                kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.02),
                                name='conv1')
        batch_norm1 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(conv1,
                                                   training = True,
                                                   epsilon = 1e-5,
                                                     name = 'batch_norm1')
        conv1_out = tf.nn.leaky_relu(batch_norm1, alpha=alpha, name="conv1_out")
        # 64x64x64--> 32x32x128
        # Conv --> BatchNorm --> LeakyReLU   
        conv2 = tf.layers.conv2d(inputs = conv1_out,
                                filters = 128,
                                kernel_size = [5, 5],
                                strides = [2, 2],
                                padding = "SAME",
                                kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.02),
                                name='conv2')
        batch_norm2 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(conv2,
                                                   training = True,
                                                   epsilon = 1e-5,
                                                     name = 'batch_norm2')
        conv2_out = tf.nn.leaky_relu(batch_norm2, alpha=alpha, name="conv2_out")
        # 32x32x128 --> 16x16x256
        # Conv --> BatchNorm --> LeakyReLU   
        conv3 = tf.layers.conv2d(inputs = conv2_out,
                                filters = 256,
                                kernel_size = [5, 5],
                                strides = [2, 2],
                                padding = "SAME",
                                kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.02),
                                name='conv3')
        batch_norm3 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(conv3,
                                                   training = True,
                                                   epsilon = 1e-5,
                                                name = 'batch_norm3')
        conv3_out = tf.nn.leaky_relu(batch_norm3, alpha=alpha, name="conv3_out")
        # 16x16x256 --> 16x16x512
        # Conv --> BatchNorm --> LeakyReLU   
        conv4 = tf.layers.conv2d(inputs = conv3_out,
                                filters = 512,
                                kernel_size = [5, 5],
                                strides = [1, 1],
                                padding = "SAME",
                                kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.02),
                                name='conv4')
        batch_norm4 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(conv4,
                                                   training = True,
                                                   epsilon = 1e-5,
                                                name = 'batch_norm4')
        conv4_out = tf.nn.leaky_relu(batch_norm4, alpha=alpha, name="conv4_out")
        # 16x16x512 --> 8x8x1024
        # Conv --> BatchNorm --> LeakyReLU   
        conv5 = tf.layers.conv2d(inputs = conv4_out,
                                filters = 1024,
                                kernel_size = [5, 5],
                                strides = [2, 2],
                                padding = "SAME",
                                kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.02),
                                name='conv5')
        batch_norm5 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(conv5,
                                                   training = True,
                                                   epsilon = 1e-5,
                                                name = 'batch_norm5')
        conv5_out = tf.nn.leaky_relu(batch_norm5, alpha=alpha, name="conv5_out")
        # Flatten it
        flatten = tf.reshape(conv5_out, (-1, 8*8*1024))
        # Logits
        logits = tf.layers.dense(inputs = flatten,
                                units = 1,
                                activation = None)
        out = tf.sigmoid(logits)
        return out, logits

再来创建生成器。记住,用随机噪声向量(z)作为输入,根据转置的卷积层输出生成图像。

其主要思想是在每层将过滤器尺寸减半,而将图片尺寸加倍。研究已经发现,用 tanh 作为输出层的激活函数时,生成器的表现最好。

代码语言:javascript
复制
def generator(z, output_channel_dim, is_train=True):
    ''' Build the generator network.
        Arguments
        ---------
        z : Input tensor for the generator
        output_channel_dim : Shape of the generator output
        n_units : Number of units in hidden layer
        reuse : Reuse the variables with tf.variable_scope
        alpha : leak parameter for leaky ReLU
        Returns
        -------
        out:
    '''
    with tf.variable_scope("generator", reuse= not is_train):
        # First FC layer --> 8x8x1024
        fc1 = tf.layers.dense(z, 8*8*1024)
        # Reshape it
        fc1 = tf.reshape(fc1, (-1, 8, 8, 1024))
        # Leaky ReLU
        fc1 = tf.nn.leaky_relu(fc1, alpha=alpha)
        # Transposed conv 1 --> BatchNorm --> LeakyReLU
        # 8x8x1024 --> 16x16x512
        trans_conv1 = tf.layers.conv2d_transpose(inputs = fc1,
                                  filters = 512,
                                  kernel_size = [5,5],
                                  strides = [2,2],
                                  padding = "SAME",
                                kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.02),
                                name="trans_conv1")
        # Transposed conv 1 --> BatchNorm --> LeakyReLU
        # 8x8x1024 --> 16x16x512
        trans_conv1 = tf.layers.conv2d_transpose(inputs = fc1,
                                  filters = 512,
                                  kernel_size = [5,5],
                                  strides = [2,2],
                                  padding = "SAME",
                                kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.02),
                                name="trans_conv1")
        batch_trans_conv1 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(inputs = trans_conv1, training=is_train, epsilon=1e-5, name="batch_trans_conv1")
        trans_conv1_out = tf.nn.leaky_relu(batch_trans_conv1, alpha=alpha, name="trans_conv1_out")
        # Transposed conv 2 --> BatchNorm --> LeakyReLU
        # 16x16x512 --> 32x32x256
        trans_conv2 = tf.layers.conv2d_transpose(inputs = trans_conv1_out,
                                  filters = 256,
                                  kernel_size = [5,5],
                                  strides = [2,2],
                                  padding = "SAME",
                                kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.02),
                                name="trans_conv2")
        batch_trans_conv2 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(inputs = trans_conv2, training=is_train, epsilon=1e-5, name="batch_trans_conv2")
        trans_conv2_out = tf.nn.leaky_relu(batch_trans_conv2, alpha=alpha, name="trans_conv2_out")
        # Transposed conv 3 --> BatchNorm --> LeakyReLU
        # 32x32x256 --> 64x64x128
        trans_conv3 = tf.layers.conv2d_transpose(inputs = trans_conv2_out,
                                  filters = 128,
                                  kernel_size = [5,5],
                                  strides = [2,2],
                                  padding = "SAME",
                                kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.02),
                                name="trans_conv3")
        batch_trans_conv3 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(inputs = trans_conv3, training=is_train, epsilon=1e-5, name="batch_trans_conv3")
        trans_conv3_out = tf.nn.leaky_relu(batch_trans_conv3, alpha=alpha, name="trans_conv3_out")
        # Transposed conv 4 --> BatchNorm --> LeakyReLU
        # 64x64x128 --> 128x128x64
        trans_conv4 = tf.layers.conv2d_transpose(inputs = trans_conv3_out,
                                  filters = 64,
                                  kernel_size = [5,5],
                                  strides = [2,2],
                                  padding = "SAME",
                                kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.02),
                                name="trans_conv4")
        batch_trans_conv4 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(inputs = trans_conv4, training=is_train, epsilon=1e-5, name="batch_trans_conv4")
        trans_conv4_out = tf.nn.leaky_relu(batch_trans_conv4, alpha=alpha, name="trans_conv4_out")
        # Transposed conv 5 --> tanh
        # 128x128x64 --> 128x128x3
        logits = tf.layers.conv2d_transpose(inputs = trans_conv4_out,
                                  filters = 3,
                                  kernel_size = [5,5],
                                  strides = [1,1],
                                  padding = "SAME",
                                kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.02),
                                name="logits")
        out = tf.tanh(logits, name="out")
        return out

▌分类器和生成器的损失

因为我们是同时训练分类器和生成器,因此,两个网络的损失都需要计算。

我们的目标是使分类器认为图片为真实图片时输出“ 1 ”,认为图片是生成图片时输出“ 0 ”。因此,我们需要设计能够反映这一特点的损失函数。

分类器的损失是真实和生成图片的损失之和:

代码语言:javascript
复制
d_loss = d_loss_real + d_loss_fake  

d_loss_real 是分类器将真实图片错误地预测为生成图片时的损失。它的计算如下:

  • 用 d_logits_real ,所有标签均为1(因为所有数据都是真实的);
  • labels = tf.ones_like(tensor) * (1 - smooth) ,使用标签平滑:也就是略微减小标签,例如从 1.0 变为 0.9 ,从而使分类器泛化地更好。
  • d_loss_fake 是分类器预测一张图片为真实图片、但实际是生成图片时的损失。
  • 用 d_logits_fake ,所有标签都为0.

生成器的损失仍使用分类器中的 d_logits_fake ,但标签均为1,因为生成器要迷惑分类器。

代码语言:javascript
复制
def model_loss(input_real, input_z, output_channel_dim, alpha):
    """
    Get the loss for the discriminator and generator
    :param input_real: Images from the real dataset
    :param input_z: Z input
    :param out_channel_dim: The number of channels in the output image
    :return: A tuple of (discriminator loss, generator loss)
    """   
     # Generator network here    g_model = generator(input_z, output_channel_dim)   
    # g_model is the generator output    
    # Discriminator network here    d_model_real, d_logits_real = discriminator(input_real, alpha=alpha)    d_model_fake, d_logits_fake = discriminator(g_model,is_reuse=True, alpha=alpha)    
    # Calculate losses    d_loss_real = tf.reduce_mean(
                  tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=d_logits_real,                                                          labels=tf.ones_like(d_model_real)))    d_loss_fake = tf.reduce_mean(
                  tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=d_logits_fake,                                                          labels=tf.zeros_like(d_model_fake)))    d_loss = d_loss_real + d_loss_fake
    g_loss = tf.reduce_mean(
             tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=d_logits_fake,                                                     labels=tf.ones_like(d_model_fake)))    
    return d_loss, g_loss

▌优化器

计算损失后,我们需要分别更新生成器和分类器。

要更新生成器和分类器,我们需要在每部分用 tf.trainable_variables() 获取变量,这样便创建了一个包含已在图中定义好的所有变量的列表。

代码语言:javascript
复制
def model_optimizers(d_loss, g_loss, lr_D, lr_G, beta1):
    """
    Get optimization operations
    :param d_loss: Discriminator loss Tensor
    :param g_loss: Generator loss Tensor
    :param learning_rate: Learning Rate Placeholder
    :param beta1: The exponential decay rate for the 1st moment in the optimizer
    :return: A tuple of (discriminator training operation, generator training operation)
    """    
    # Get the trainable_variables, split into G and D parts    t_vars = tf.trainable_variables()
    g_vars = [var for var in t_vars if var.name.startswith("generator")]
    d_vars = [var for var in t_vars if var.name.startswith("discriminator")]
    update_ops = tf.get_collection(tf.GraphKeys.UPDATE_OPS)
    # Generator update    gen_updates = [op for op in update_ops if op.name.startswith('generator')]
    # Optimizers    with tf.control_dependencies(gen_updates):
        d_train_opt = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=lr_D, beta1=beta1).minimize(d_loss, var_list=d_vars)        g_train_opt = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=lr_G, beta1=beta1).minimize(g_loss, var_list=g_vars)        
        return d_train_opt, g_train_opt

▌训练

现在,我们来执行训练函数。

想法很简单:

  • 每迭代5次保存一次模型;
  • 每训练10个 batch 的图片就保存一张;
  • 每迭代15次将 g_loss , d_loss 和生成图片可视化一次。这样做的原因很简单:显示太多图片的话,Jupyter Notebook 可能会出错。
  • 或者,我们也可以直接通过加载保存的模型来查看图片(这样会节省20h的训练时间)。
代码语言:javascript
复制
def train(epoch_count, batch_size, z_dim, learning_rate_D, learning_rate_G, beta1, get_batches, data_shape, data_image_mode, alpha):
    """
    Train the GAN
    :param epoch_count: Number of epochs
    :param batch_size: Batch Size
    :param z_dim: Z dimension
    :param learning_rate: Learning Rate
    :param beta1: The exponential decay rate for the 1st moment in the optimizer
    :param get_batches: Function to get batches
    :param data_shape: Shape of the data
    :param data_image_mode: The image mode to use for images ("RGB" or "L")
    """
    # Create our input placeholders
    input_images, input_z, lr_G, lr_D = model_inputs(data_shape[1:], z_dim)
    # Losses
    d_loss, g_loss = model_loss(input_images, input_z, data_shape[3], alpha)
    # Optimizers
    d_opt, g_opt = model_optimizers(d_loss, g_loss, lr_D, lr_G, beta1)
    i = 0
    version = "firstTrain"
    with tf.Session() as sess:
        sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
        # Saver
        saver = tf.train.Saver()
        num_epoch = 0
        if from_checkpoint == True:
            saver.restore(sess, "./models/model.ckpt")
            show_generator_output(sess, 4, input_z, data_shape[3], data_image_mode, image_path, True, False)
        else:
            for epoch_i in range(epoch_count):        
                num_epoch += 1
                if num_epoch % 5 == 0:
                    # Save model every 5 epochs
                    #if not os.path.exists("models/" + version):
                    #    os.makedirs("models/" + version)
                    save_path = saver.save(sess, "./models/model.ckpt")
                    print("Model saved")
                for batch_images in get_batches(batch_size):
                    # Random noise
                    batch_z = np.random.uniform(-1, 1, size=(batch_size, z_dim))
                    i += 1
                    # Run optimizers
                    _ = sess.run(d_opt, feed_dict={input_images: batch_images, input_z: batch_z, lr_D: learning_rate_D})
                    _ = sess.run(g_opt, feed_dict={input_images: batch_images, input_z: batch_z, lr_G: learning_rate_G})
                    if i % 10 == 0:
                        train_loss_d = d_loss.eval({input_z: batch_z, input_images: batch_images})
                        train_loss_g = g_loss.eval({input_z: batch_z})
                        # Save it
                        image_name = str(i) + ".jpg"
                        image_path = "./images/" + image_name
                        show_generator_output(sess, 4, input_z, data_shape[3], data_image_mode, image_path, True, False)
    return losses, samples

▌怎样运行模型

你不能在自己的笔记本上运行这个模型——除非你有自己的 GPU,或者准备好等个十来年。

因此,你最好用在线 GPU 服务,如 AWS 或者 FloydHub 。我个人训练这个 DCGAN 模型花了 20 个小时,用的是 Microsoft Azure 和他们的深度学习虚拟机。

Deep Learning Virtual Machine:

https://medium.com/@ageitgey/machine-learning-is-fun-80ea3ec3c471

作者 | Thomas Simonini 原文链接 https://medium.freecodecamp.org/how-ai-can-learn-to-generate-pictures-of-cats-ba692cb6eae4

本文参与 腾讯云自媒体同步曝光计划,分享自微信公众号。
原始发表:2018-03-27,如有侵权请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除

本文分享自 AI科技大本营 微信公众号,前往查看

如有侵权,请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除。

本文参与 腾讯云自媒体同步曝光计划  ,欢迎热爱写作的你一起参与!

评论
登录后参与评论
0 条评论
热度
最新
推荐阅读
目录
  • ▌什么是 DCGAN?
  • ▌让我们来创建 DCGAN 吧!
  • ▌分类器和生成器的损失
  • ▌优化器
  • ▌训练
相关产品与服务
GPU 云服务器
GPU 云服务器(Cloud GPU Service,GPU)是提供 GPU 算力的弹性计算服务,具有超强的并行计算能力,作为 IaaS 层的尖兵利器,服务于生成式AI,自动驾驶,深度学习训练、科学计算、图形图像处理、视频编解码等场景。腾讯云随时提供触手可得的算力,有效缓解您的计算压力,提升业务效率与竞争力。
领券
问题归档专栏文章快讯文章归档关键词归档开发者手册归档开发者手册 Section 归档