Android测试入门-1

luciozhang

发布于 2023-04-22 16:23:49

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代码可运行

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代码可运行

单元测试 Unit test

在本地执行的单元测试，不需要运行在物理设备或模拟器上，可以测试一些与Android框架无关的代码。

在*build.gradle (Module:app)*添加JUnit4依赖

在*包名(test)*下创建单元测试类，或者直接在需要创建的类的类名上右键->Go To->Test， Create a new test…

选择需要进行测试的方法，在setUp中创建类。

示例

public class EmailValidator {

    public static boolean isValidEmail(String email) {
        if (null == email || "".equals(email))
            return false;
        Pattern p = Pattern.compile("\\w+([-+.]\\w+)*@\\w+([-.]\\w+)*\\.\\w+([-.]\\w+)*");
        Matcher m = p.matcher(email);
        return m.matches();
    }

}

单元测试：

public class EmailValidatorTest {
    @Before
    public void setUp() throws Exception {

    }

    @Test
    public void isValidEmail() throws Exception {
        assertEquals(EmailValidator.isValidEmail("name@email.com"), true);
    }

}

Instrumented Unit Tests

运行在设备上的测试，但测试与设备相关或者与Android控件相关的功能时，需要选择Instrumented Unit Tests。

测试程序放在*module-name/src/androidTest/java/*。

添加依赖

需要在build.gradle下添加如下依赖。

dependencies {
    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support:support-annotations:24.0.0'
    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.5'
    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:rules:0.5'
    // Optional -- Hamcrest library
    androidTestCompile 'org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.3'
    // Optional -- UI testing with Espresso
    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.2'
    // Optional -- UI testing with UI Automator
    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.uiautomator:uiautomator-v18:2.1.2'
}

解决同时引入 support-annotations和espresso-core的冲突。

androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.2', {
    exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
})

配置AndroidJUnitRunner为默认的instrumentation 运行方式。

android {
    defaultConfig {
        testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
    }
}

示例

在测试类前面添加注解 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)

下面是一个对于UI控件的Instrumented 测试。

activity_main.xml

<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent" android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
    android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin" tools:context=".MainActivity">

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/textView"
        android:text="@string/hello_world" android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
    <EditText
        android:hint="Enter your name here"
        android:id="@+id/editText"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_below="@+id/textView"/>
    <Button
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Say hello!"
        android:layout_below="@+id/editText"
        android:onClick="sayHello"/>
</RelativeLayout>

MainActivity.java

public void sayHello(View v){
    TextView textView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.textView);
    EditText editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText);
    textView.setText("Hello, " + editText.getText().toString() + "!");
}

测试程序

package com.example.testing.testingexample;

import android.support.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
import android.support.test.espresso.action.ViewActions;
import android.support.test.rule.ActivityTestRule;
import android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
import android.test.ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2;
import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.LargeTest;

import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;

import static android.support.test.espresso.Espresso.onView;
import static android.support.test.espresso.action.ViewActions.click;
import static android.support.test.espresso.action.ViewActions.closeSoftKeyboard;
import static android.support.test.espresso.action.ViewActions.typeText;
import static android.support.test.espresso.assertion.ViewAssertions.matches;
import static android.support.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.withId;
import static android.support.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.withText;

@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
@LargeTest
public class MainActivityInstrumentationTest {

    private static final String STRING_TO_BE_TYPED = "Peter";

    @Rule
    public ActivityTestRule<MainActivity> mActivityRule = new ActivityTestRule<>(
            MainActivity.class);

    @Test
    public void sayHello(){
        onView(withId(R.id.editText)).perform(typeText(STRING_TO_BE_TYPED), closeSoftKeyboard()); //找到id为editText的输入框，键入"Peter"，关闭软键盘（实际操作时需要考虑输入法语言）

        onView(withText("Say hello!")).perform(click()); //点击文本为"Say hello!"的按钮

        String expectedText = "Hello, " + STRING_TO_BE_TYPED + "!";
        onView(withId(R.id.textView)).check(matches(withText(expectedText))); //判断id为textView的文本框内容是否与期望符合
    }

}

运行测试可以在虚拟机或物理设备上看到上述的操作，模拟键盘输入时，需要注意因为输入法语言可能带来的不一致。

Show Passed按钮

显示所有方法的测试。

Automating User Interface Tests

Automating User Interface Tests用于测试UI界面，为用户提供高质量的用户界面和稳定的交互。

两种Automating UI Tests：

Testing UI for a Single App ：确保交互界面正确。使用espresso框架。

Testing UI for Multiple Apps ：测试多终端行为的正确，如不同终端的app之间通信。使用uiautomator框架。

Espresso框架

基于Instrumentation的开源自动化测试框架，规模小、简洁，API精确，编写测试代码简单，容易快速上手。但不能跨app。

为了避免动画可能带来的错误，需要在开发者选项中关闭下面几项动画。

Window animation scale
Transition animation scale
Animator duration scale

添加依赖

dependencies {
    // Other dependencies ...
    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.2'
}

创建Espresso测试的流程

定位控件，onView()或onData() (后一个用于从定位AdapterView 的item)。
模拟操作，ViewInteraction.perform()或DataInteraction.perform() ，不定项参数为具体操作的队列，逗号分开。
重复上述过程，模拟用户在多activity之间的操作。
验证结果， ViewAssertions的方法如match()验证控件中结果是否正确。

onView(withId(R.id.my_view))            // withId(R.id.my_view) is a ViewMatcher
        .perform(click())               // click() is a ViewAction
        .check(matches(isDisplayed())); // matches(isDisplayed()) is a ViewAssertion

示例

@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
@LargeTest
public class ChangeTextBehaviorTest {

    public static String STRING_TO_BE_TYPED;

    // @Rule注解来启动一个activity
    @Rule
    public ActivityTestRule<MainActivity> mActivityRule = new ActivityTestRule<>(
            MainActivity.class);

    // @Before注解表示在测试前执行
    @Before
    public void initValidString() {
        // Specify a valid string.
        STRING_TO_BE_TYPED = "espresso";
    }

    @Test
    public void changeText_sameActivity() {
        // Type text and then press the button.
        onView(withId(R.id.editTextUserInput))
                .perform(typeText(STRING_TO_BE_TYPED), closeSoftKeyboard());
        onView(withId(R.id.changeTextBt)).perform(click());

        // Check that the text was changed.
        onView(withId(R.id.textToBeChanged)).check(matches(withText(STRING_TO_BE_TYPED)));
    }

    @Test
    public void changeText_newActivity() {
        // Type text and then press the button.
        onView(withId(R.id.editTextUserInput)).perform(typeText(STRING_TO_BE_TYPED),
                closeSoftKeyboard());
        onView(withId(R.id.activityChangeTextBtn)).perform(click());

        // This view is in a different Activity, no need to tell Espresso.
        onView(withId(R.id.show_text_view)).check(matches(withText(STRING_TO_BE_TYPED)));
    }
}

完整代码：https://github.com/googlesamples/android-testing/tree/master/ui/espresso/BasicSample

定位

定位UI控件

onView() 返回一个 ViewInteraction对象用于测试控件，没找到控件会扔出一个NoMatchingViewException。

匹配文字

onView(withText("Sign-in"));

匹配id

onView(withId(R.id.button_signin));

匹配多个条件

onView(allOf(withId(R.id.button_signin), not(withText("Sign-out"))));

定位AdapterView里面的View

onData() 返回一个DataInteraction对象，没找到控件也会扔出一个NoMatchingViewException。

onData(allOf(is(instanceOf(Map.class)),
        hasEntry(equalTo(LongListActivity.ROW_TEXT), is("test input")));

模拟操作

ViewInteraction.perform() 和 DataInteraction.perform()的参数为一个或多个 ViewAction对象。

可以指定的对象：ViewActions.click()、ViewActions.typeText()、ViewActions.scrollTo()、ViewActions.pressKey()、ViewActions.clearText()。

利用Espresso Intents进行测试

用于截断activity或service发出的intent，验证其传递的内容是否正确。

添加依赖

dependencies {
  // Other dependencies ...
  androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-intents:2.2.2'
}

示例

@Large
@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
public class SimpleIntentTest {

    private static final String MESSAGE = "This is a test";
    private static final String PACKAGE_NAME = "com.example.myfirstapp";

    /* Instantiate an IntentsTestRule object. */
    @Rule
    public IntentsTestRule≶MainActivity> mIntentsRule =
      new IntentsTestRule≶>(MainActivity.class);

    @Test
    public void verifyMessageSentToMessageActivity() {

        // Types a message into a EditText element.
        onView(withId(R.id.edit_message))
                .perform(typeText(MESSAGE), closeSoftKeyboard());

        // Clicks a button to send the message to another
        // activity through an explicit intent.
        onView(withId(R.id.send_message)).perform(click());

        // Verifies that the DisplayMessageActivity received an intent
        // with the correct package name and message.
        intended(allOf(
                hasComponent(hasShortClassName(".DisplayMessageActivity")),
                toPackage(PACKAGE_NAME),
                hasExtra(MainActivity.EXTRA_MESSAGE, MESSAGE)));

    }
}

完整代码：https://github.com/googlesamples/android-testing/tree/master/ui/espresso/IntentsBasicSample

利用Espresso Web测试WebView

用于检测activity里面webview的行为。

添加依赖

dependencies {
  // Other dependencies ...
  androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-web:2.2.2'
}

需测试的WebView必须在指定activity时设置enable JavaScript的，我们可以选择WebView中的HTML元素并模拟用户操作。

示例

@LargeTest
@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
public class WebViewActivityTest {

    private static final String MACCHIATO = "Macchiato";
    private static final String DOPPIO = "Doppio";

    @Rule
    public ActivityTestRule mActivityRule =
        new ActivityTestRule(WebViewActivity.class,
            false /* Initial touch mode */, false /*  launch activity */) {

        @Override
        protected void afterActivityLaunched() {
            // Enable JavaScript.
            onWebView().forceJavascriptEnabled();
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void typeTextInInput_clickButton_SubmitsForm() {
       // Lazily launch the Activity with a custom start Intent per test
       mActivityRule.launchActivity(withWebFormIntent());

       // Selects the WebView in your layout.
       // If you have multiple WebViews you can also use a
       // matcher to select a given WebView, onWebView(withId(R.id.web_view)).
       onWebView()
           // Find the input element by ID
           .withElement(findElement(Locator.ID, "text_input"))
           // Clear previous input
           .perform(clearElement())
           // Enter text into the input element
           .perform(DriverAtoms.webKeys(MACCHIATO))
           // Find the submit button
           .withElement(findElement(Locator.ID, "submitBtn"))
           // Simulate a click via JavaScript
           .perform(webClick())
           // Find the response element by ID
           .withElement(findElement(Locator.ID, "response"))
           // Verify that the response page contains the entered text
           .check(webMatches(getText(), containsString(MACCHIATO)));
    }
}

完整代码：https://github.com/googlesamples/android-testing/tree/master/ui/espresso/WebBasicSample