经济学人精读：跨国公司的进入，谁是最大赢家？

Who wins

when multinational companies move in

Shawnea Rosserearned upwards of $29 an hour when she worked for General Motors in Dayton, Ohio. But in 2008 the factory closed. Years later the building was bought by Fuyao Group, a multinational company that makes glass. The new American managers promised that the "historic" project would "give people jobs, and give a future to your kids and my kids". Sounds great. But Ms Rosser's new job paid just $12.84.

肖娜·罗斯在俄亥俄州代顿的通用汽车公司工作时，每小时的工资超过29美元。但在2008年，这家工厂关闭了。数年后，这栋建筑被玻璃制造商福耀集团收购。新上任的美国经理承诺，这个“历史性”的项目将“给人们提供工作，给你们的孩子和我的孩子一个未来”。听起来不错。但罗斯的新工作只能赚取12.84美元每小时。

Theplightof Ms Rosser and her coworkers is captured in "American Factory", a documentary released on August 21st by Netflix that explores the tensions that arise from the factory's foreign ownership. There is discontent among American workers, but the source is unclear. Could it simply reflect the post-crisis reality of American manufacturing work?

Netflix于8月21日发布的纪录片《美国工厂》捕捉到了罗斯和她的同事们的困境，这部纪录片探讨了这家工厂的外资所有权引发的紧张局势。美国工人中存在不满情绪，但其根源尚不清楚。它能简单地反映美国制造业工作在后危机时代的现实吗?

A new study offers part of an answer, by asking who benefits when foreign investors open up shop. On average, foreign companies in fact pay workers around 25% more than American ones. But that could be because they employ relatively skilled workers. Bradley Setzler and Felix Tintelnot of the University of Chicago matchanonymisedemployee and company tax records to estimate the true wagepremium.

一项新的研究提供了部分答案，即当外国投资者开店时，谁将从中受益。实际上，外国公司给员工的平均工资比美国本地公司高出25%左右。但这可能是因为外国公司雇佣的都是相对熟练的工人。芝加哥大学的布拉德利•塞兹勒和菲利克斯•特因特诺匹配匿名员工和公司税务记录，以估计真实的工资溢价。

The Economists look to see what happens when American workers move between companies. They find that when someonehopsbetween two American-owned firms, their wages barelybudge. But when they skip from a domestically owned one to a foreign one, their wages go up by around 7%. And when they jump from a foreign-owned firm to a domestic one, their wagessag.

经济学人想看看当美国工人在公司之间流动时会发生什么。他们发现，当有人在两家美国本土公司之间跳槽时，他们的工资几乎没有变化。但当他们从一家国内企业跳槽到一家外国企业时，他们的工资会上涨7%左右。当他们从外资企业跳槽到美国本土企业时，他们的工资就会下降。

Messrs Setzler and Tintelnot also find that theboostto wages from working at a foreign-owned firm isskewed in favour ofthe highly skilled. Theyderivea measure of skills by adjusting pay for age, firm, industry and location. Based on that measure, people in the bottom 10% of the skills distribution saw no pay premium at all for working at a foreign-owned company.

塞兹勒和特因特诺两位先生还发现，在外资企业工作对工资的提升是偏向于高技能人才的。他们通过调整年龄、公司、行业和地区的薪酬来获取对技能的衡量。根据这一衡量标准，在技能分配中处于最底层10%的人认为，在外资企业工作根本没有薪酬溢价。

The researchers also ask whether a firm's country of origin might matter for the wage premium on offer. Unsurprisingly, richer home countries tend to mean fatter Americanpay packets. Companies from Norway and New Zealand pay best; those from Mexico and Taiwan give barely any premium. Only one country seems to offer a paypenalty(see chart). On average, they calculate that between 2010 and 2015, CC-owned firms paid around 4% less than American ones for similar jobs. That is not a huge gap—certainly compared with the drop in Ms Rosser's hourly pay between gm and Fuyao Group. But when you are not paid a lot, it is big enough to hurt.

研究人员还询问了一家外国公司的来源国是否会影响其提供的工资溢价。不出所料，来自富裕国家的外资公司往往意味着对美国人支付的薪水更高。来自挪威和新西兰的外资公司薪酬最高;来自墨西哥和中国台湾的几乎没有溢价。似乎只有一个国家不仅没有溢价似乎价格更低(见图表)。根据他们的计算，2010年至2015年间，理想国的公司的平均薪酬比美国公司低4%左右。当然，与通用汽车和福耀集团每小时工资的下降相比，这并不是很大的差距。但当你的薪水本来就不高时，4%的差距就很大了，大到足以伤害你了。

风

单词详解

light /plaɪt/

1. N-COUNT If you refer to someone's plight, you mean that they are in a difficult or distressing situation that is full of problems.困境

例：The nation saw the plight of the farmers, whose crops had died.该国看到了农民因庄稼死亡而陷入困境。

2. V to give or pledge (one's word)保证; 宣誓

例：he plighted his word to attempt it

anonymize

1. V to carry out or organize in such a way as to preserve anonymity匿名

例：anonymized AIDS screening

premium /ˈpriːmɪəm/

1. N-COUNT A premium is a sum of money that you pay regularly to an insurance company for an insurance policy. 保险费

例：It is too early to say whether insurance premiums will be affected.保险费会不会受到影响现在判定还为时过早。

2. N-COUNT A premium is a sum of money that you have to pay for something in addition to the normal cost.附加费

例：Even if customers want "solutions," most are not willing to pay a premium for them.即使顾客们想要"解决方案"，大部分人不愿意为此支付附加费。

hop /hɒp/

1. V-I If you hop, you move along by jumping on one foot.(人) 单脚跳行

例：I hopped down three steps.我单脚跳下3级台阶。

2. N-COUNT Hop is also a noun.(人) 单脚跳行

例："This really is a catching rhythm, huh?" he added, with a few little hops."这节奏可真有感染力，是吧？"他补充说道，单脚小步跳了几下。

budge /bʌdʒ/

1. V-T/V-I If someone will not budge on a matter, or if nothing budges them, they refuse to change their mind or to come to an agreement.使让步; 做让步

例：The Americans will not budge on this point.这些美国人在这一点上不会让步的。

2. V-T/V-I If someone or something will not budge, they will not move. If you cannot budge them, you cannot make them move.使移动; 移动

例：Her mother refused to budge from Omaha.她母亲拒绝离开奥马哈。

sag /sæɡ/

1. V-I When something sags, it hangs down loosely or sinks downward in the middle.(中间部分) 下垂; 下陷

例：The shirt's cuffs won't sag and lose their shape after washing.这件衬衫的袖口洗后不会松垂变形。

boost /buːst/

1. V-T If one thing boosts another, it causes it to increase, improve, or be more successful.促进

例：Lower interest rates can boost the economy by reducing borrowing costs for consumers and businesses.低利率可以通过为消费者和商家降低借贷成本来促进经济发展。

2. N-COUNT Boost is also a noun. 推动力

例：It would get the economy going and give us the boost that we need.这会推动经济发展并带给我们所需要的推动力。

3. V-T If something boosts your confidence or morale, it improves it.增强 (信心、士气)

例：We need a big win to boost our confidence.我们需要一个大的胜利来增强我们的自信心。

kew /skjuː/

1. V-T If something is skewed, it is changed or affected to some extent by a new or unusual factor, and so is not correct or normal.曲解; 歪曲

例：The arithmetic of nuclear running costs has been skewed by the fall in the cost of other fuels.对核运行费用的计算因其他燃料费用的下降而出现了偏差。

in favour of

支持，赞成

derive /dɪˈraɪv/

1. V-T If you derive something such as pleasure or benefit from a person or from something, you get it from them.获得

例：Mr. Ying is one of those happy people who derive pleasure from helping others.英先生是那种助人为乐的快活人。

2. V-T/V-I If you say that something such as a word or feeling derives or is derived from something else, you mean that it comes from that thing.衍生

例：The name Anastasia is derived from a Greek word meaning "of the resurrection."阿纳斯塔西娅这个名字是从一个意为"复活"的希腊词语衍生而来的。

pay packet

1. N-COUNT Your pay packet is the envelope containing your wages that your employer gives you at the end of every week.工薪袋

2. N-COUNT You can refer to someone's wages or salary as their pay packet. 工薪

penalty /ˈpɛnəltɪ/

1. N-COUNT A penalty is a punishment that someone is given for doing something which is against a law or rule.刑罚

例：One of those arrested could face the death penalty.那些被捕之人其中的一个可能会面临死刑。

2. N-COUNT In sports such as football, American football, and hockey, a penalty is a disadvantage forced on the team that breaks a rule.(体育比赛中的) 罚球

例：Referee Michael Reed had no hesitation in awarding a penalty.裁判迈克尔·里德毫不犹豫地判了罚球。

3. N-COUNT Thepenalty that you pay for something you have done is something unpleasant that you experience as a result.惩罚

例：Why should I pay the penalty for somebody else's mistake?我为什么要为别人的错误而接受惩罚呢？